دورية أكاديمية

Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: Nanotoxicology.

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: Nanotoxicology.
المؤلفون: Egbuna C; Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, University of Port-Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State 431124, Nigeria., Parmar VK; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar - 388 120, Gujarat, India., Jeevanandam J; CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal., Ezzat SM; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Ainy Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt.; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October 12566, Egypt., Patrick-Iwuanyanwu KC; Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, University of Port-Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria., Adetunji CO; Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo University Iyamho, PMB 04 Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria., Khan J; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.; Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia., Onyeike EN; Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, University of Port-Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria., Uche CZ; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria., Akram M; Department of Eastern Medicines, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan., Ibrahim MS; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October 12566, Egypt., El Mahdy NM; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October 12566, Egypt., Awuchi CG; School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda., Saravanan K; PG and Research Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti-621 007, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India., Tijjani H; Department of Biochemistry, Natural Product Research Laboratory, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Nigeria., Odoh UE; Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Messaoudi M; Nuclear Research Centre of Birine, Ain Oussera, P.O. Box 180, Djelfa 17200, Algeria.; Chemistry Department, University of Hamma Lakhdar, B.P. 789, El-Oued 39000, Algeria., Ifemeje JC; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State 431124, Nigeria., Olisah MC; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State 431124, Nigeria., Ezeofor NJ; Department of Food Technology, School of Applied Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State, Nigeria., Chikwendu CJ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State 431124, Nigeria., Ibeabuchi CG; Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, University of Port-Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
المصدر: Journal of toxicology [J Toxicol] 2021 Jul 30; Vol. 2021, pp. 9954443. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jul 30 (Print Publication: 2021).
نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Review
اللغة: English
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Hindawi Pub. Corp Country of Publication: Egypt NLM ID: 101519097 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1687-8191 (Print) Linking ISSN: 16878191 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Toxicol Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE
أسماء مطبوعة: Original Publication: [Cairo, Egypt] : Hindawi Pub. Corp., 2008-
مستخلص: Nanoparticles are of great importance in development and research because of their application in industries and biomedicine. The development of nanoparticles requires proper knowledge of their fabrication, interaction, release, distribution, target, compatibility, and functions. This review presents a comprehensive update on nanoparticles' toxic effects, the factors underlying their toxicity, and the mechanisms by which toxicity is induced. Recent studies have found that nanoparticles may cause serious health effects when exposed to the body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact without caution. The extent to which toxicity is induced depends on some properties, including the nature and size of the nanoparticle, the surface area, shape, aspect ratio, surface coating, crystallinity, dissolution, and agglomeration. In all, the general mechanisms by which it causes toxicity lie on its capability to initiate the formation of reactive species, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, among others.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
(Copyright © 2021 Chukwuebuka Egbuna et al.)
References: Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 1;8(1):2082. (PMID: 29391477)
Protoplasma. 2015 Jul;252(4):1031-46. (PMID: 25471476)
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Dec 13;18(12):. (PMID: 29236059)
Toxicol Lett. 2010 Sep 1;197(3):169-74. (PMID: 20621582)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2018 Mar 15;13(T-NANO 2014 Abstracts):91-96. (PMID: 29593404)
Nanotoxicology. 2018 Apr;12(3):201-223. (PMID: 29385892)
J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2014 Jul;6(3):139-50. (PMID: 25035633)
Cell Biol Toxicol. 2011 Oct;27(5):333-42. (PMID: 21681618)
Nanomedicine. 2015 Nov;11(8):1915-24. (PMID: 26238077)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2010 Apr 15;5:277-83. (PMID: 20463943)
Environ Toxicol. 2016 Sep;31(9):1091-102. (PMID: 25689286)
Materials (Basel). 2014 Apr 09;7(4):2833-2881. (PMID: 28788596)
Nanoscale. 2011 Mar;3(3):1127-38. (PMID: 21210042)
Toxicol In Vitro. 2011 Dec;25(8):1694-700. (PMID: 21835238)
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2010 Apr;40(4):328-46. (PMID: 20128631)
Pharm Res. 2016 Oct;33(10):2373-87. (PMID: 27299311)
PLoS One. 2014 Jan 21;9(1):e85835. (PMID: 24465736)
J Appl Toxicol. 2013 Feb;33(2):78-89. (PMID: 22936301)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2016 Aug 11;11:3859-74. (PMID: 27570453)
Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2019 Jan;16(1):69-78. (PMID: 30496697)
Small. 2016 Feb 3;12(5):631-46. (PMID: 26676601)
Adv Pharm Bull. 2015 Nov;5(4):447-54. (PMID: 26819915)
Materials (Basel). 2010 Oct 25;3(10):4842-4859. (PMID: 28883356)
J Appl Toxicol. 2012 Nov;32(11):867-79. (PMID: 22696476)
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016 Aug;100(15):6555-6570. (PMID: 27289481)
Toxicol Lett. 2009 Mar 28;185(3):211-8. (PMID: 19382294)
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2018 Jul 3;15(1):28. (PMID: 29970116)
Mutat Res. 2009 Mar-Jun;681(2-3):241-258. (PMID: 19041420)
Nano Lett. 2011 Sep 14;11(9):3744-50. (PMID: 21823599)
Toxicol Mech Methods. 2014 Mar;24(3):161-72. (PMID: 24274460)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 19;105(33):11613-8. (PMID: 18697944)
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jan 20;753:141743. (PMID: 32891989)
J Hazard Mater. 2017 May 15;330:18-28. (PMID: 28208089)
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007 Dec;70(24):2071-9. (PMID: 18049996)
Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2010 Sep;7(9):1063-77. (PMID: 20716019)
Cancer Res. 2009 Nov 15;69(22):8784-9. (PMID: 19887611)
Chemosphere. 2019 Feb;216:823-831. (PMID: 30399561)
Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46(sup1):104-114. (PMID: 29301413)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:235-42. (PMID: 22275838)
PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48752. (PMID: 23152799)
Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Jun;48(6):1762-6. (PMID: 20412830)
Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Feb;107 Suppl 1:25-35. (PMID: 10229704)
Toxicol Sci. 2016 Apr;150(2):454-72. (PMID: 26794139)
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Apr 30;171:337-346. (PMID: 30616150)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2014 Oct 10;9:4763-72. (PMID: 25336953)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:6003-9. (PMID: 23233805)
J Appl Toxicol. 2013 Oct;33(10):1053-60. (PMID: 22936419)
Oncotarget. 2017 Dec 23;9(11):9685-9705. (PMID: 29515763)
J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2011 Feb;7(1):110-1. (PMID: 21485828)
J Hazard Mater. 2018 Apr 5;347:89-94. (PMID: 29291521)
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014 Dec;33(12):2759-66. (PMID: 25176020)
Chem Biol Interact. 2013 Nov 25;206(2):319-26. (PMID: 24120544)
Nanomedicine. 2018 Jan;14(1):1-12. (PMID: 28882675)
Chemosphere. 2019 Aug;229:206-213. (PMID: 31078877)
Environ Pollut. 2016 Nov;218:505-512. (PMID: 27449531)
J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2016 Jan;12(1):165-81. (PMID: 27301182)
Toxicol Lett. 2016 Apr 15;247:29-34. (PMID: 26892717)
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011 Jul 29;6:480. (PMID: 21801413)
Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):622-7. (PMID: 16456071)
Nanotoxicology. 2008 Mar;2(1):33-42. (PMID: 20827377)
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 May 28;396(2):578-83. (PMID: 20447378)
J Nanobiotechnology. 2013 Jul 19;11:26. (PMID: 23870291)
ACS Nano. 2009 Feb 24;3(2):279-90. (PMID: 19236062)
J Hazard Mater. 2018 Apr 5;347:141-149. (PMID: 29304452)
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012 Jun 1;261(2):121-33. (PMID: 22513272)
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2014 Sep 17;11:49. (PMID: 25227272)
Redox Biol. 2018 Jul;17:423-431. (PMID: 29883958)
Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Sep 04;14(9):18110-23. (PMID: 24009022)
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2014 Mar 13;9(1):117. (PMID: 24624962)
Biomaterials. 2011 Aug;32(23):5515-23. (PMID: 21543115)
Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2016 Apr 29;7:645-54. (PMID: 27335754)
Chem Commun (Camb). 2013 Dec 4;49(93):10989-91. (PMID: 24136236)
J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2019 Feb 12;30(2):22. (PMID: 30747353)
Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2013 Sep;13(3):194-207. (PMID: 23322373)
Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2016 May;63(3):320-7. (PMID: 25779086)
Environ Health Perspect. 2002 Aug;110(8):797-800. (PMID: 12153761)
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Nov 1;438:225-32. (PMID: 23000548)
ACS Nano. 2011 Jul 26;5(7):5390-9. (PMID: 21634407)
Hum Exp Toxicol. 2016 Feb;35(2):170-83. (PMID: 25829403)
J Photochem Photobiol B. 2018 Oct;187:180-183. (PMID: 30172104)
ACS Nano. 2011 Dec 27;5(12):9326-38. (PMID: 22077320)
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017 Dec 15;337:1-11. (PMID: 28993268)
Toxicology. 2012 Jan 27;291(1-3):10-7. (PMID: 22120540)
BMC Neurosci. 2017 Jun 26;18(1):51. (PMID: 28651647)
Toxicol Lett. 2007 Jan 30;168(2):121-31. (PMID: 17169512)
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2019 Jan 13;9(1):. (PMID: 30642104)
Nanotoxicology. 2011 Dec;5(4):517-30. (PMID: 21142841)
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014 Feb;98(3):1001-9. (PMID: 24305741)
Aquat Toxicol. 2013 May 15;132-133:34-45. (PMID: 23454308)
Trends Biotechnol. 2017 Feb;35(2):159-171. (PMID: 27492049)
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2015 Jul 10;12:21. (PMID: 26156627)
Environ Health Perspect. 1990 Aug;88:311-7. (PMID: 2272328)
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2016 Dec;38:53-63. (PMID: 27056797)
Toxicol In Vitro. 2013 Feb;27(1):292-8. (PMID: 22954531)
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2018 Jul 15;155:76-85. (PMID: 29510312)
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008 Oct;295(4):L552-65. (PMID: 18658273)
Cell Prolif. 2003 Jun;36(3):131-49. (PMID: 12814430)
Protoplasma. 2016 May;253(3):873-884. (PMID: 26115719)
Small. 2011 Feb 18;7(4):514-23. (PMID: 21265017)
Neurobiol Dis. 2002 Jul;10(2):119-27. (PMID: 12127150)
Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Oct;23(7):1365-71. (PMID: 19699289)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2014 May 08;9:2191-204. (PMID: 24855356)
J Med Genet. 2006 Jul;43(7):615-6. (PMID: 16236811)
Food Chem Toxicol. 2015 Mar;77:58-63. (PMID: 25556118)
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2016 May;8(3):414-38. (PMID: 26359790)
Toxicol Lett. 2009 Oct 28;190(2):202-7. (PMID: 19643170)
Int J Toxicol. 2013 Jul;32(4):296-307. (PMID: 23667135)
Toxicol Sci. 2012 Feb;125(2):462-72. (PMID: 22112499)
Toxicol In Vitro. 2010 Oct;24(7):1953-61. (PMID: 20708676)
Toxicol Lett. 2009 May 22;187(1):15-21. (PMID: 19429238)
IET Nanobiotechnol. 2020 Feb;14(1):1-13. (PMID: 31935671)
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2020 May 22;10(5):. (PMID: 32455923)
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2015 Aug 19;5(3):1351-1365. (PMID: 28347068)
Environ Int. 2013 May;55:92-100. (PMID: 23535050)
Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2016 Jan 1;795:70-83. (PMID: 26774669)
Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;44(1):401-9. (PMID: 25229834)
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Sep 15;207(3):221-31. (PMID: 16129115)
Toxicol Lett. 2014 Apr 7;226(1):28-34. (PMID: 24503009)
Biomaterials. 2011 Jan;32(1):195-205. (PMID: 20863560)
Nanotoxicology. 2015 May;9 Suppl 1:44-56. (PMID: 24228750)
Antioxidants (Basel). 2017 May 18;6(2):. (PMID: 28524089)
Neurochem Res. 2016 Feb;41(1-2):33-43. (PMID: 26268441)
Toxicol Ind Health. 2016 May;32(5):809-21. (PMID: 24311626)
J Mater Chem B. 2018 Dec 28;6(48):8127-8136. (PMID: 32254932)
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Apr;22(7):5519-30. (PMID: 25339530)
Front Physiol. 2016 Apr 13;7:130. (PMID: 27148069)
Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Sep;21(9):1726-32. (PMID: 18710264)
Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2014 Oct 15;5:1774-1786. (PMID: 25383289)
Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014 Sep;11(9):1449-70. (PMID: 24870351)
Nanomedicine. 2016 Apr;12(3):789-799. (PMID: 26724539)
Toxicol In Vitro. 2017 Feb;38:136-141. (PMID: 27693598)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2016 Mar 07;11:905-18. (PMID: 27022258)
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2014 Dec 03;11:65. (PMID: 25466209)
Carcinogenesis. 2008 Feb;29(2):427-33. (PMID: 18174261)
Chemosphere. 2015 Sep;135:83-93. (PMID: 25917605)
Nano Rev. 2010;1:. (PMID: 22110864)
Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Sep 13;17(9):. (PMID: 27649147)
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021 Jan 23;:. (PMID: 33484442)
Toxicol Lett. 2010 Dec 15;199(3):269-76. (PMID: 20863874)
Toxicol In Vitro. 2013 Mar;27(2):731-8. (PMID: 23232460)
Environ Sci Nano. 2016 Apr 1;3(2):365-374. (PMID: 27347420)
Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Jul;113(7):823-39. (PMID: 16002369)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2015 Feb 20;10:1463-77. (PMID: 25759575)
Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008 Jan;68(1):129-37. (PMID: 17881203)
Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2014 Nov;44:234-9. (PMID: 25280701)
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2015 May 21;5(2):835-850. (PMID: 28347039)
Nano Lett. 2015 Oct 14;15(10):6946-51. (PMID: 26383818)
J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Aug 18;126(32):10044-8. (PMID: 15303879)
J Toxicol Sci. 2016;41(3):351-70. (PMID: 27193728)
Environ Mol Mutagen. 2015 Mar;56(2):125-48. (PMID: 25209650)
Clin Chim Acta. 2010 Dec 14;411(23-24):1841-8. (PMID: 20719239)
J Hazard Mater. 2016 Jan 15;301:480-91. (PMID: 26414925)
Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2013 Jun;84(2):330-4. (PMID: 23419816)
Toxicol Lett. 2013 Sep 12;222(1):55-63. (PMID: 23872614)
Environ Mol Mutagen. 2008 Jun;49(5):399-405. (PMID: 18418868)
Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Aug 10;166(1-2):8-23. (PMID: 21601820)
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2015 Apr 15;141:176-84. (PMID: 25668698)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2013;8:889-98. (PMID: 23467397)
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2014 Sep 10;11:33. (PMID: 25928666)
Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017 Nov 1;80:38-44. (PMID: 28866178)
J Toxicol Pathol. 2018 Jan;31(1):73-80. (PMID: 29479144)
Nano Lett. 2007 Dec;7(12):3592-7. (PMID: 18044946)
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2017 Aug 23;14(1):31. (PMID: 28835236)
J Appl Toxicol. 2015 Jun;35(6):651-64. (PMID: 25727528)
Mutat Res. 2014 Aug-Sep;766-767:25-30. (PMID: 25847268)
Toxicol Sci. 2016 Jul;152(1):128-44. (PMID: 27125967)
Inhal Toxicol. 2008 Apr;20(6):575-83. (PMID: 18444010)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2016 Sep 21;11:4819-4834. (PMID: 27703349)
J Inorg Biochem. 2015 Dec;153:334-338. (PMID: 26387023)
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Feb 7;46(3):1819-27. (PMID: 22201446)
Inhal Toxicol. 2010 Mar;22(4):348-54. (PMID: 20001567)
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 Jun;33(6):587-90. (PMID: 19195845)
Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(9):6267-80. (PMID: 22016657)
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2018 Dec 5;15(1):47. (PMID: 30518385)
Environ Toxicol. 2010 Dec;25(6):608-21. (PMID: 20549644)
Int J Nanomedicine. 2017 Feb 28;12:1621-1637. (PMID: 28280330)
Nanomedicine (Lond). 2007 Feb;2(1):23-39. (PMID: 17716188)
J Environ Sci (China). 2019 Jan;75:40-53. (PMID: 30473306)
Phys Med Biol. 2015 Aug 7;60(15):5767-83. (PMID: 26159685)
Apoptosis. 2012 Aug;17(8):852-70. (PMID: 22395444)
Nat Nanotechnol. 2009 Oct;4(10):634-41. (PMID: 19809453)
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990 Dec;42(12):821-6. (PMID: 1983142)
Nanomedicine (Lond). 2010 Oct;5(8):1193-203. (PMID: 21039197)
J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Aug;173:99-107. (PMID: 28570910)
Biomaterials. 2007 Jun;28(16):2572-81. (PMID: 17320946)
J Appl Toxicol. 2013 Oct;33(10):1111-9. (PMID: 23529830)
Cancer Res. 2003 Dec 1;63(23):8122-5. (PMID: 14678964)
Toxicol Ind Health. 2017 Apr;33(4):340-350. (PMID: 27230352)
Environ Mol Mutagen. 2007 Mar;48(2):151-7. (PMID: 17285640)
J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2015 Jul 04;13(2):e145-55. (PMID: 26045225)
Nanotoxicology. 2015 Mar;9(2):162-71. (PMID: 24713076)
Nanomedicine. 2016 May;12(4):881-891. (PMID: 26767513)
Toxicol In Vitro. 2011 Apr;25(3):657-63. (PMID: 21232592)
Nanotoxicology. 2017 Feb;11(1):64-75. (PMID: 27885867)
Biomaterials. 2014 Aug;35(25):6707-15. (PMID: 24881025)
Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Nov;115(11):1631-7. (PMID: 18007996)
Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Sep;23(6):1076-84. (PMID: 19508889)
Arch Toxicol. 2011 Dec;85(12):1517-28. (PMID: 21656222)
PLoS One. 2015 Aug 06;10(8):e0134722. (PMID: 26248340)
Toxicol Ind Health. 2016 Aug;32(8):1391-1404. (PMID: 25548373)
تواريخ الأحداث: Date Created: 20210823 Latest Revision: 20210824
رمز التحديث: 20221213
مُعرف محوري في PubMed: PMC8376461
DOI: 10.1155/2021/9954443
PMID: 34422042
قاعدة البيانات: MEDLINE
الوصف
تدمد:1687-8191
DOI:10.1155/2021/9954443