دورية أكاديمية
أعرض في EDS

Biomagnification of potentially toxic elements in animals consuming fodder irrigated with sewage water.

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: Biomagnification of potentially toxic elements in animals consuming fodder irrigated with sewage water.
المؤلفون: Murtaza G; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan. gmurtazauaf@gmail.com., Shehzad MT; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan., Kanwal S; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan., Farooqi ZUR; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan., Owens G; Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
المصدر: Environmental geochemistry and health [Environ Geochem Health] 2022 Dec; Vol. 44 (12), pp. 4523-4538. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Feb 07.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article
اللغة: English
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8903118 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2983 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02694042 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Geochem Health Subsets: MEDLINE
أسماء مطبوعة: Publication: 1999- : Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers
Original Publication: Kew, Surrey : Science and Technology Letters, 1985-
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Metals, Heavy*/toxicity , Metals, Heavy*/analysis , Soil Pollutants*/analysis, Humans ; Child ; Animals ; Sewage/analysis ; Bioaccumulation ; Cadmium/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Water ; Buffaloes ; Lead ; Soil ; Animal Feed
مستخلص: Globally, sewage water is considered a cheap and effective alternative source of irrigation and nutrient supplement. For example, in Faisalabad, Pakistan untreated sewage water loaded with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is being routinely used to grow fodder crops in the peri-urban areas, where PTEs accumulate at different trophic levels and contaminate the food chain. Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of hazardous metals in food chains had toxic implications for human health. Currently, the major concern is associated with the consumption of PTEs contaminated fodder by animals and the subsequent translocation into humans via consumption of milk and meat from these animals. This study thus analyzed the concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sewage water, sewage irrigated soil, fodder is grown on such soils and the milk of cows and buffalos to calculate the transfer through water and fodder to animal milk. Overall, concentrations and bioaccumulation factors of Cd and Cu in buffalo milk were higher than the cow milk, whereas it was inverse for the concentration of Zn. Non-significant difference in the bioaccumulation factor for Pb in both buffalo and cow milk was observed. Calculation of the estimated daily intake indicated that there was no health risk associated with the consumption of tested milk samples. However, given the widespread exposure of infants to milk, continuous monitoring of milk quality is recommended to preclude a child's exposure to elevated levels of PTEs.
(© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)
References: Agyarko, K., Darteh, E., & Berlinger, B. (2010). Metal levels in some refuse dump soils and plants in Ghana. Plant, Soil and Environment, 56(5), 244–251. (PMID: 10.17221/13/2010-PSE)
Amouei, A., Cherati, A., & Naghipour, D. (2018). Heavy metals contamination and risk assessment of surface soils of Babol in Northern Iran. Health Scope. https://doi.org/10.5812/jhealthscope.62423. (PMID: 10.5812/jhealthscope.62423)
Amusan, A., Ige, D., & Olawale, R. (2005). Characteristics of soils and crops’ uptake of metals in municipal waste dump sites in Nigeria. Journal of Human Ecology, 17(3), 167–171. (PMID: 10.1080/09709274.2005.11905775)
Ayers R. S., Westcot D. W. (1985) Water quality for agriculture, vol 29. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome.
Baig, I. A., Ashfaq, M., Hassan, I., Javed, M. I., Khurshid, W., & Ali, A. (2011). Economic impact of waste water irrigation in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Agricultural Research, 49(2), 261–270.
Bewers, J., Fisher, N., Noshkin, V., & Pentreath, R. (1985). Sediment Kds and concentration factors for radionuclides in the marine environment. IAEA Rep 247.
Bhat, S. (2013). Phytoremidation properties and CLA content of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum). Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Science, 15(3), 573–577.
Bhatti, S. S., Sambyal, V., & Nagpal, A. K. (2016). Heavy metals bioaccumulation in Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) cultivated in areas under intensive agriculture, Punjab, India. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1–11.
Bhatti, S. S., Kumar, V., Sambyal, V., Singh, J., & Nagpal, A. K. (2018). Comparative analysis of tissue compartmentalized heavy metal uptake by common forage crop: A field experiment. CATENA, 160, 185–193.
Brizio, P., Benedetto, A., Squadrone, S., Curcio, A., Pellegrino, M., Ferrero, M., & Abete, M. C. (2016). Heavy metals and essential elements in Italian cereals. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 9(4), 261–267. (PMID: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1209572)
Brunetti, G., Farrag, K., Rovira, P. S., Nigro, F., & Senesi, N. (2011). Greenhouse and field studies on Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn phytoextraction by Brassica napus from contaminated soils in the Apulia region. Southern Italy. Geoderma, 160(3–4), 517–523. (PMID: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.10.023)
Cao, X., Wang, X., Tong, W., Gurajala, H. K., Lu, M., Hamid, Y., Feng, Y., He, Z., & Yang, X. (2019). Distribution, availability and translocation of heavy metals in soil-oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) system related to soil properties. Environmental Pollution, 252, 733–741. (PMID: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.147)
Ben Chabchoubi, I., Mtibaa, S., Ksibi, M., & Hentati, O. (2020). Health risk assessment of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Mn) in wild oat grown in soils amended with sediment dredged from the Joumine Dam in Bizerte, Tunisia. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 5(3), 1–14.
Chary, N. S., Kamala, C., & Raj, D. S. S. (2008). Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69(3), 513–524. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.04.013)
Citek, J., Nydl, V., Rehout, V., Hajic, F., Kosvanec, K., & Soch, M. (1996). The content of some heavy metals in cow milk from localities under different ecological conditions. Kmetijstvo (Zootehnika).
Cittadino, A., Ocello, N., Majul, M. V., Ajhuacho, R., Dietrich, P., & Igarzabal, M. A. (2020). Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of soils from open dumps in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 1–9. (PMID: 10.1007/s10661-020-8246-x)
David, I. G., Matache, M. L., Tudorache, A., Chisamera, G., Rozylowicz, L., & Radu, G. L. (2012). Food chain biomagnification of heavy metals in samples from the Lower Prut Floodplain Natural Park. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 11(1), 69–73. (PMID: 10.30638/eemj.2012.010)
Delil, A. D., Köleli, N., Dağhan, H., & Bahçeci, G. (2020). Recovery of heavy metals from canola (Brassica napus) and soybean (Glycine max) biomasses using electrochemical process. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 17, 100559. (PMID: 10.1016/j.eti.2019.100559)
Dwivedi, S., Dey, S., & Swarup, D. (1995). Lead in blood and milk from urban Indian cattle and buffalo. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 37(5), 471–472.
Dzoma, B., Moralo, R., Motsei, L., Ndou, R., & Bakunzi, F. (2010). Preliminary findings on the levels of five heavy metals in water, sediments, grass and various specimens from cattle grazing and watering in potentially heavy metal polluted areas of the North West Province of South Africa. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(24), 3026–3033. (PMID: 10.3923/javaa.2010.3026.3033)
Egyptian Standard. (2001). Milk powder. Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control. E.S., No. 1648.
Enb, A., Abou Donia, M., Abd-Rabou, N., Abou-Arab, A., & El-Senaity, M. (2009). Chemical composition of raw milk and heavy metals behavior during processing of milk products. Global Veterinaria, 3(3), 268–275.
Ensink, J. H., Mahmood, T., Van der Hoek, W., Raschid-Sally, L., & Amerasinghe, F. P. (2004). A nationwide assessment of wastewater use in Pakistan: An obscure activity or a vitally important one? Water Policy, 6(3), 197–206. (PMID: 10.2166/wp.2004.0013)
Fargasova, A., Pastierová, J., & Svetkova, K. (2006). Effect of Se-metal pair combinations (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) on photosynthetic pigments production and metal accumulation in Sinapis alba L. seedlings. Plant Soil and Environment, 52(1), 8. (PMID: 10.17221/3340-PSE)
Farid, S., & Baloch, M. K. (2012). Heavy metal ions in milk samples collected from animals feed with city effluent irrigated fodder. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2(2), 036–043.
Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. (1998). Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Distribution of the report of the twenty-second session of the CODEX COMMITTEE on methods of analysis and sampling (pp. 23–27). Budapest, Hungary.
Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. (2001) Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Meeting, Food & Agriculture Org.
Ghafoor, A., Qadir, M., Sadiq, M., Murtaza, G., & Brar, M. (2004). Lead, copper, zinc and iron concentrations in soils and vegetables irrigated with city effluent on urban agricultural lands. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 52(1), 114–117.
Hou, D., He, J., Lü, C., Ren, L., Fan, Q., Wang, J., & Xie, Z. (2013). Distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd) in water and sediments from Lake Dalinouer, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 93, 135–144. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.012)
Hough, R., Hough, R., Young, S., & Crout, N. (2003). Modelling of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn uptake, by winter wheat and forage maize, from a sewage disposal farm. Soil Use and Management, 19(1), 19–27. (PMID: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2003.tb00275.x)
Hsu, L.-C., Huang, C.-Y., Chuang, Y.-H., Chen, H.-W., Chan, Y.-T., Teah, H. Y., Chen, T.-Y., Chang, C.-F., Liu, Y.-T., & Tzou, Y.-M. (2016). Accumulation of heavy metals and trace elements in fluvial sediments received effluents from traditional and semiconductor industries. Scientific Reports, 6, 34250. (PMID: 10.1038/srep34250)
Ingelmo, F., Molina, M. J., Soriano, M. D., Gallardo, A., & Lapeña, L. (2012). Influence of organic matter transformations on the bioavailability of heavy metals in a sludge based compost. Journal of Environmental Management, 95, S104–S109. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.04.015)
Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M. K., & Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M. (2015). Determination of heavy metals in fish and vegetables in Bangladesh and health implications. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 21, 986–1006. (PMID: 10.1080/10807039.2014.950172)
Islam, S., Rahman, M. M., & Naidu, R. (2019). Impact of water and fertilizer management on arsenic bioaccumulation and speciation in rice plants grown under greenhouse conditions. Chemosphere, 214, 606–613. (PMID: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.158)
Javed, I., Jan, I., Muhammad, F., Khan, M. Z., Aslam, B., & Sultan, J. I. (2009). Heavy metal residues in the milk of cattle and goats during winter season. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 82(5), 616–620. (PMID: 10.1007/s00128-009-9675-y)
Karadjova, I., Girousi, S., Iliadou, E., & Stratis, I. (2000). Determination of Cd Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb in milk, cheese and chocolate. Microchimica Acta, 134(3–4), 185–191. (PMID: 10.1007/s006040050065)
Karanja, N. N., Njenga, M., Prain, G., Kangâ, E., Kironchi, G., Githuku, C., Kinyari, P., & Mutua, G. K. (2009). Assessment of environmental and public health hazards in wastewater used for urban agriculture in Nairobi, Kenya. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 12(1), 85–97.
Karimian, S., Chamani, A., & Shams, M. (2020). Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in the Zayandeh-Rud River as the only permanent river in the central plateau of Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8183-8. (PMID: 10.1007/s10661-020-8183-8)
Kashif, S., Akram, M., Yaseen, M., & Ali, S. (2009). Studies on heavy metals status and their uptake by vegetables in adjoining areas of Hudiara drain in Lahore. Soil Environment, 28(1), 7–12.
Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z., & Zhu, Y. G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 152(3), 686–692. (PMID: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.056)
Khan, S., Khan, M., & Rehman, S. (2011). Lead and cadmium contamination of different roadside soils and plants in Peshawar City, Pakistan. Pedosphere, 21(3), 351–357. (PMID: 10.1016/S1002-0160(11)60135-5)
Kinuthia, G. K., Ngure, V., Beti, D., Lugalia, R., Wangila, A., & Kamau, L. (2020). Levels of heavy metals in wastewater and soil samples from open drainage channels in nairobi, Kenya: Community health implication. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–13.
Laţo, A., Radulov, I., Berbecea, A., Laţo, K., & Crista, F. (2012). The transfer factor of metals in soil-plant system. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 44(3), 67–72.
Lokeshwari, H., & Chandrappa, G. (2006). Impact of heavy metal contamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and cultivated vegetation. Current science. pp 622–627.
Mahmood, A., & Naeem, S. (2011). Application of discriminant analysis in the characterization of physicochemical data of buffalo milk. The Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 12, 13–18.
Mahmood-ul-Hassan, M., Suthar, V., Ahmad, R., & Yousra, M. (2017). Heavy metal phytoextraction-natural and EDTA-assisted remediation of contaminated calcareous soils by sorghum and oat. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(11), 1–10. (PMID: 10.1007/s10661-017-6302-y)
Majumder, B., Mandal, B., & Bandyopadhyay, P. K. (2008). Soil organic carbon pools and productivity in relation to nutrient management in a 20-year-old rice–berseem agroecosystem. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 44(3), 451–461. (PMID: 10.1007/s00374-007-0226-6)
Mansour, S., & Sidky, M. (2002). Ecotoxicological studies Heavy metals contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Food chemistry, 78(1), 15–22. (PMID: 10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00197-2)
Mapanda, F., Mangwayana, E., Nyamangara, J., & Giller, K. (2005). The effect of long-term irrigation using wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables in Harare, Zimbabwe. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 107(2–3), 151–165. (PMID: 10.1016/j.agee.2004.11.005)
Mbong, E., Akpan, E., & Osu, S. (2014). Soil-plant heavy metal relations and transfer factor index of habitats densely distributed with Citrus reticulata (tangerine). Journal of Research in Environmental Science and Toxicology, 3(4), 61–65.
Mehmood, K., Ahmad, H. R., Abbas, R., & Saifullah, M. G. (2019). Heavy metals in urban and peri-urban soils of a heavily-populated and industrialized city: Assessment of ecological risks and human health repercussions. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1601004. (PMID: 10.1080/10807039.2019.1601004)
Meshref, A. M., Moselhy, W. A., & Hassan, N.E.-H.Y. (2014). Heavy metals and trace elements levels in milk and milk products. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 8(4), 381–388. (PMID: 10.1007/s11694-014-9203-6)
Mirecki, N., Agic, R., Sunic, L., Milenkovic, L., & Ilic, Z. S. (2015). Transfer factor as indicator of heavy metals content in plants. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24(11c), 4212–4219.
Munir, S., Mukhtar, M., Jeroen, E., & Mahmood, S. (2003). Assessment of waste water production and reuse in the peri-urban areas of Faisalabad. Pakistan (International Water Management Institute, 2003).
Murtaza, G., Ghafoor, A., Qadir, M., Owens, G., Aziz, M., & Zia, M. (2010). Disposal and use of sewage on agricultural lands in Pakistan: A review. Pedosphere, 20(1), 23–34. (PMID: 10.1016/S1002-0160(09)60279-4)
Murtaza, G., Ghafoor, A., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Sabir, M., & Naeem, A. (2012). Phytodiversity for metals in plants grown in urban agricultural lands irrigated with untreated city effluent. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43(8), 1181–1201. (PMID: 10.1080/00103624.2012.662565)
Noli, F., & Tsamos, P. (2016). Concentration of heavy metals and trace elements in soils, waters and vegetables and assessment of health risk in the vicinity of a lignite-fired power plant. Science of the Total Environment, 563, 377–385. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.098)
Pandey, G., & Madhuri, S. (2014). Heavy metals causing toxicity in animals and fishes. Research Journal of Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences, 2(2), 17–23.
PIDE Blog (2020). https://pide.org.pk/blog/milk-production-in-pakistan/ . Assessed on 08/05/2020.
Pescatore, A., Grassi, C., Rizzo, A. M., Orlandini, S., & Napoli, M. (2022). Effects of biochar on berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) growth and heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) accumulation. Chemosphere, 287, 131986. (PMID: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131986)
Prakash, R., Singh, V., Diwedi, A., Popat, R. C., Kumari, S., Kumar, N., & Dhillon, A. (2021). Sewage sludge impacts on yields, nutrients and heavy metals contents in pearl millet-wheat system grown under saline environment. International Journal of Plant Production, 15(1), 93–105. (PMID: 10.1007/s42106-020-00122-4)
Prasad, R., & Karchiyappan, T. (2019). Advanced research in nanosciences for water technology. Springer.
Prayinto, S. B. (2000). Determination of mercury’s bioaccumulation factor in milk fish (Chanoschanos) of Semarang municipality fishponds using neutron activation analysis. Journal of Coastal Development, 3, 655–661.
Primack R. B. (2006). Essentials of conservation biology, vol 23. Sinauer Associates Sunderland.
Qadir, M., Ghafoor, A., Murtaza, G., & Mahmood, T. (1997). Metal ion contamination in vegetables and soils irrigated with city effluents. Scientific Information Division, Pinstech, PO Nilore, Islamabad Pakistan, Pakistan.
Qadir, M., Drechsel, P., Jiménez Cisneros, B., Kim, Y., Pramanik, A., Mehta, P., & Olaniyan, O. (2020). Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source. In: Natural Resources Forum, vol 1. Wiley Online Library, pp 40–51.
Qadir, M., Ghafoor, A., Murtaza, G., & Murtaza, G. (2000). Cadmium concentration in vegetables grown on urban soils irrigated with untreated municipal sewage. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2(1), 13–21. (PMID: 10.1023/A:1010061711331)
Rajaganpathy, V., Xavier, F., Sreekumar, D., & Mandal, P. K. (2011). Heavy metal contamination in soil, water and fodder and their presence in livestock and products: A review. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(3), 234–249. (PMID: 10.3923/jest.2011.234.249)
Rattan, R., Datta, S., Chhonkar, P., Suribabu, K., & Singh, A. (2005). Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 109(3–4), 310–322. (PMID: 10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.025)
Rizvi, A., & Khan, M. S. (2017). Biotoxic impact of heavy metals on growth, oxidative stress and morphological changes in root structure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and stress alleviation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CPSB1. Chemosphere, 185, 942–952. (PMID: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.088)
Rusu, M. C., Mărghitaş, M., & Mihăiescu, T. (2005) Tratat de agrochimie. Ceres.
Sahayaraj, P. A., & Ayyadurai, K. (2009). Bioaccumulation of lead in milk of buffaloes from Cooum river belt in Chennai. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(5), 651.
Saif, M., Haq, M., & Memon, K. (2005). Heavy metals contamination through industrial effluent to irrigation water and soil in Korangi area of Karachi (Pakistan). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 4, 646–648.
Sansi, J., Sansi, O., & Ojezele, O. (2016). Analysis of selected heavy metals in fresh cow milk, drinking water, grass and soil of dairy farms in Saki east local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria. The International Journal of Organic Agriculture Research and Development, 13, 18–28.
Shafiq, M., & Jamil, S. (2012). Role of plant growth regulators and a saprobic fungus in enhancement of metal phytoextraction potential and stress alleviation in pearl millet. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 237–238, 186–193.
Shehzad, M. T., Murtaza, G., Shafeeque, M., Sabir, M., Nawaz, H., & Khan, M. J. (2019). Assessment of trace elements in urban topsoils of Rawalpindi-Pakistan: A principal component analysis approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(2), 65. (PMID: 10.1007/s10661-019-7212-y)
Singh, A., Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M., & Marshall, F. M. (2010). Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology, 51(2), 375–387.
Singh, R., Gautam, N., Mishra, A., & Gupta, R. (2011). Heavy metals and living systems: An overview. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 43(3), 246. (PMID: 10.4103/0253-7613.81505)
Soltanpour, P. (1985). Use of ammonium bicarbonate DTPA soil test to evaluate elemental availability and toxicity. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 16(3), 323–338. (PMID: 10.1080/00103628509367607)
Thakur, S., Singh, L., Ab Wahid, Z., Siddiqui, M. F., Atnaw, S. M., & Din, M. F. M. (2016). Plant-driven removal of heavy metals from soil: Uptake, translocation, tolerance mechanism, challenges, and future perspectives. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(4), 206. (PMID: 10.1007/s10661-016-5211-9)
Union E (2002) Heavy metals in wastes, European Commission on Environment.
USEPA. (2012). Guidelines for water reuse 600/R-12/618; environmental protection agency: Washington. DC.
Wajid, K., Ahmad, K., Khan, Z. I., & Nadeem, M. (2021). Pattern of trace metal uptake in pearl millet as a result of application of organic and synthetic fertilizers. International Journal of Environmental Research, 15(1), 33–44. (PMID: 10.1007/s41742-020-00287-w)
Wang, F., Wang, Z., Kou, C., Ma, Z., & Zhao, D. (2016). Responses of wheat yield, macro-and micro-nutrients, and heavy metals in soil and wheat following the application of manure compost on the North China Plain. PLoS One, 11(1), e0146453. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146453)
Wang, Z., Yu, X., Geng, M., Wang, Z., Wang, Q., & Zeng, X. (2017). Accumulation of heavy metal in scalp hair of people exposed in Beijing sewage discharge channel sewage irrigation area in Tianjin, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(15), 13741–13748. (PMID: 10.1007/s11356-017-8884-x)
WHO/FAO. 2007. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission 13th Session. Report of the Thirty Eight Session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene, Houston, United States of America, ALINORM 07/30/13.
فهرسة مساهمة: Keywords: Bioaccumulation factor; Estimated daily intake; Fodder crops; Health risk; Water scarcity
المشرفين على المادة: 0 (Sewage)
0 (Metals, Heavy)
0 (Soil Pollutants)
00BH33GNGH (Cadmium)
059QF0KO0R (Water)
2P299V784P (Lead)
0 (Soil)
تواريخ الأحداث: Date Created: 20220207 Date Completed: 20221122 Latest Revision: 20221122
رمز التحديث: 20221213
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01211-1
PMID: 35129707
قاعدة البيانات: MEDLINE
الوصف
تدمد:1573-2983
DOI:10.1007/s10653-022-01211-1