دورية أكاديمية
أعرض في EDS

Indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant goats for meat in Enugu, Nigeria: Causes, prevalence, implications and ways-out.

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: Indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant goats for meat in Enugu, Nigeria: Causes, prevalence, implications and ways-out.
المؤلفون: Ugwu PC; Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Njoga EO; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Njoga UJ; Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Aronu CJ; Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Atadiose EO; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Okoli CE; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria., Onwumere-Idolor OS; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria., Ajibo FE; Department of Animal Health and Production, Enugu State Polytechnic, Enugu, Nigeria., Azor NN; Department of Animal Health and Production, Enugu State Polytechnic, Enugu, Nigeria., Bernard SN; Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Ozioko IE; Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Eze IS; Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Abonyi FO; Department of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
المصدر: PloS one [PLoS One] 2023 Jan 17; Vol. 18 (1), pp. e0280524. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jan 17 (Print Publication: 2023).
نوع المنشور: Journal Article
اللغة: English
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE
أسماء مطبوعة: Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Goats* , Meat*/analysis, Animals ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Parturition
مستخلص: Background: The indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant goats (SPGs) undermines meat production and food security especially in developing countries. It also connotes animal cruelty, depletion of goat population and may enhance the spread of zoonotic pathogens inhabiting the female reproductive tract during carcass processing. Consequently, this study determined the causes and prevalence of slaughtering pregnant goats for meat in Enugu, Nigeria. The study also estimated the economic losses associated with SPGs, discussed the negative public health consequences and suggested the ways-out.
Methods: Structured, validated and pilot-tested questionnaire was used to ascertain the reasons for SPGs for meat among 78 willing and randomly selected respondents. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the form of interview. Pregnancy statuses of the goats slaughtered were ascertained by visual inspection and palpation of the eviscerated and longitudinally incised uteri and the horns for macroscopic evidence of pregnancy. Ages of the dams were estimated by dentition method. Estimation of the gestational age was performed by crown-rump length method. The study lasted for six months, comprised of three months (December to March) during the dry/hot season and another three months (May to August) during the wet/rainy season. Economic loss estimation was based on the current monetary values of a matured (30 kilogram) goat and one kilogram of chevon in Enugu, Nigeria; which was determined through market survey. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to determine whether there were significant (P<0.05) statistical associations between SPGs and age and season.
Results: Major reasons adduced for SPGs were: economic hardship (41%), ignorance of the goat's pregnancy status (21%), increased demand for chevon (13%) and feed scarcity during drought (11%). Of the 1,658 does examined during the six months study, 589 (35.5%) were pregnant. The majority (876/1658, 52.8%) of the female goats slaughtered were in their active reproductive age of ≤ 4 years, while 782 (47.2%) were aged > 4 years. Similarly, majority (1007/1658, 60.7%) of the does/nannies were slaughtered during the dry/hot season. A total of 907 foetuses at first (n = 332, 36.6%), second (n = 486, 53.6%) and third (n = 89, 9.8%) trimesters of gestation were recovered from the 589 PGs. Singleton, twin and triplet pregnancies were observed in 312 (53%), 236 (40%) and 41 (7%) PGs, respectively. About ₦34.44 million ($83,390) would have been earned if the foetuses were born alive and raised to maturity. Additionally, 19,136 kg of chevon, valued at ₦47,841, 000 ($115,838), which would have accrued from the wasted foetuses was also lost.
Conclusion: Considering the economic, zoonotic and livestock production implications of this work, frantic efforts to reduce SPGs in Enugu, Nigeria is imperative. This could be achieved through advocacy, goat farmers' enlightenment, ante-mortem pregnancy diagnosis, provision of subsidized feed materials during the dry season and strict enforcement of the Nigerian Meat Edict law, which proscribes unapproved slaughter of gravid animals. These measures may improve food safety and security, improve goat reproduction and production, reduce protein malnutrition, limit dissemination of zoonotic pathogens during carcass processing and hence protect public health in Nigeria.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
(Copyright: © 2023 Ugwu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
References: J Trop Med. 2020 Jun 29;2020:4674235. (PMID: 32684938)
Niger Postgrad Med J. 2015 Oct-Dec;22(4):195-201. (PMID: 26776330)
Foods. 2021 Apr 08;10(4):. (PMID: 33917819)
J Caring Sci. 2015 Jun 01;4(2):165-78. (PMID: 26161370)
Linacre Q. 2022 Feb;89(1):73-100. (PMID: 35321491)
Vet World. 2018 Aug;11(8):1171-1178. (PMID: 30250380)
Zoonoses Public Health. 2022 May;69(3):175-194. (PMID: 35034427)
Arch Public Health. 2017 Sep 11;75:34. (PMID: 28904791)
Zoonoses Public Health. 2021 Sep;68(6):684-690. (PMID: 33951301)
EFSA J. 2017 May 30;15(5):e04782. (PMID: 32625488)
BMC Vet Res. 2022 Feb 4;18(1):64. (PMID: 35120506)
JAMA. 2013 Nov 27;310(20):2191-4. (PMID: 24141714)
BMC Res Notes. 2021 Feb 4;14(1):46. (PMID: 33541398)
Animals (Basel). 2020 Feb 13;10(2):. (PMID: 32069818)
Animal. 2021 Dec;15 Suppl 1:100293. (PMID: 34294548)
Animals (Basel). 2019 Oct 18;9(10):. (PMID: 31635383)
J Med Ethics. 2020 Jan;46(1):3-6. (PMID: 31937669)
Vet World. 2018 Aug;11(8):1139-1144. (PMID: 30250375)
Microorganisms. 2020 Sep 12;8(9):. (PMID: 32932606)
Food Funct. 2016 Mar;7(3):1251-65. (PMID: 26797090)
Neurol Sci. 2022 Jun;43(6):3523-3532. (PMID: 35246816)
Foods. 2021 Jun 05;10(6):. (PMID: 34198871)
J Pathog. 2015;2015:728210. (PMID: 26697224)
J Dairy Sci. 2017 Dec;100(12):10292-10313. (PMID: 29153166)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Jan 25;15(1):e0008100. (PMID: 33493173)
Arch Public Health. 2019 Feb 25;77:9. (PMID: 30891238)
تواريخ الأحداث: Date Created: 20230117 Date Completed: 20230119 Latest Revision: 20230317
رمز التحديث: 20231215
مُعرف محوري في PubMed: PMC9844864
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280524
PMID: 36649264
قاعدة البيانات: MEDLINE
الوصف
تدمد:1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0280524