دورية أكاديمية

Asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes: Diagnosis, treatment, and anti-doping challenges.

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: Asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes: Diagnosis, treatment, and anti-doping challenges.
المؤلفون: Hostrup M; The August Krogh Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark., Hansen ESH; Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark., Rasmussen SM; Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Medical Department, Nykøbing Falster Hospital, Nykøbing Falster, Denmark., Jessen S; The August Krogh Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark., Backer V; Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
المصدر: Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports [Scand J Med Sci Sports] 2024 Jan; Vol. 34 (1), pp. e14358. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jul 20.
نوع المنشور: Review; Journal Article
اللغة: English
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Munksgaard International Publishers Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 9111504 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1600-0838 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09057188 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Scand J Med Sci Sports Subsets: MEDLINE
أسماء مطبوعة: Publication: Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
Original Publication: Copenhagen : Munksgaard, c1991-
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Doping in Sports*/prevention & control , Asthma, Exercise-Induced*/diagnosis , Asthma*/diagnosis, Humans ; Bronchoconstriction ; Athletes ; Inflammation
مستخلص: Athletes often experience lower airway dysfunction, such as asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), which affects more than half the athletes in some sports, not least in endurance sports. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness, alongside airway narrowing, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. Early diagnosis and management are essential. Not only because untreated or poorly managed asthma and EIB potentially affects competition performance and training, but also because untreated airway inflammation can result in airway epithelial damage, remodeling, and fibrosis. Asthma and EIB do not hinder performance, as advancements in treatment strategies have made it possible for affected athletes to compete at the highest level. However, practitioners and athletes must ensure that the treatment complies with general guidelines and anti-doping regulations to prevent the risk of a doping sanction because of inadvertently exceeding specified dosing limits. In this review, we describe considerations and challenges in diagnosing and managing athletes with asthma and EIB. We also discuss challenges facing athletes with asthma and EIB, while also being subject to anti-doping regulations.
(© 2023 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
References: Price OJ, Sewry N, Schwellnus M, et al. Prevalence of lower airway dysfunction in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus group on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(4):213-222.
Støle Melsom H, Randa A, Hisdal J, Stang JS, Stensrud T. Prevalence of asthma among Norwegian elite athletes. Transl Sports Med. 2022;2022:3887471.
Lund T, Pedersen L, Larsson B, Backer V. Prevalence of asthma-like symptoms, asthma and its treatment in elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19(2):174-178.
Levai IK, Hull JH, Loosemore M, Greenwell J, Whyte G, Dickinson JW. Environmental influence on the prevalence and pattern of airway dysfunction in elite athletes. Respirology. 2016;21(8):1391-1396.
Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: part I of the report from the joint task force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN. Allergy. 2008;63(4):387-403.
Fitch KD, Sue-Chu M, Anderson SD, et al. Asthma and the elite athlete: summary of the International Olympic Committee's consensus conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22-24, 2008. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2):254-260, 260 e251-257.
Rasmussen SM, Halvard Hansen ES, Stensrud T, et al. Asthma endotypes in elite athletes: a cross-sectional study of European athletes participating in the Olympic games. Allergy. 2022;77(7):2250-2253.
O'Byrne PM, Inman MD. Airway hyperresponsiveness. Chest. 2003;123(3, Supplement):411S-416S.
Cockcroft DW, Davis BE. Mechanisms of airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(3):551-559.
Boulet LP, Turmel J, Cote A. Asthma and exercise-induced respiratory symptoms in the athlete: new insights. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2017;23(1):71-77.
Boulet L-P, O'Byrne PM. Asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(7):641-648.
Bougault V, Adami PE, Sewry N, et al. Environmental factors associated with non-infective acute respiratory illness in athletes: a systematic review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus group on “acute respiratory illness in the athlete”. J Sci Med Sport. 2022;25:466-473.
Dickinson JW, Whyte GP, McConnell AK, Harries MG. Impact of changes in the IOC-MC asthma criteria: a British perspective. Thorax. 2005;60(8):629-632.
Mountjoy M, Fitch K, Boulet LP, Bougault V, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. Prevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(3):588-594.
Rundell KW, Sue-Chu M. Air quality and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Immunol Allergy Clin. 2013;33(3):409-421.
Kippelen P, Fitch KD, Anderson SD, et al. Respiratory health of elite athletes-preventing airway injury: a critical review. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(7):471-476.
McKenzie DC, Fitch KD. The asthmatic athlete: inhaled Beta-2 agonists, sport performance, and doping. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(1):46-50.
Price OJ, Hull JH, Backer V, Hostrup M, Ansley L. The impact of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction on athletic performance: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2014;44(12):1749-1761.
Côté A, Turmel J, Boulet LP. Exercise and asthma. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;39(1):19-28.
Rundell KW, Im J, Mayers LB, Wilber RL, Szmedra L, Schmitz HR. Self-reported symptoms and exercise-induced asthma in the elite athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(2):208-213.
Atchley TJ, Smith DM. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite or endurance athletes:: pathogenesis and diagnostic considerations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125(1):47-54.
Reddel HK, Bacharier LB, Bateman ED, et al. Global initiative for asthma strategy 2021. Executive summary and rationale for key changes. Arch Bronconeumol. 2022;58(1):35-51.
World Anti-Doping Agency. Prohibited List 2023. 2023. Accessed May 3, 2023. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/2022list_final_en_0.pdf.
Borg BM, Reid DW, Walters EH, Johns DP. Bronchodilator reversibility testing: laboratory practices in Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust. 2004;180(12):610-613.
Barros MJ, Rees PJ. Bronchodilator responses to salbutamol followed by ipratropium bromide in partially reversible airflow obstruction. Respir Med. 1990;84(5):371-375.
Stang J, Couto M, Carlsen K, Stensrud T. Increased bronchial parasympathetic tone in elite cross-country and biathlon skiers: a randomised crossover study. Br J Sports Med. 2014;49:56-61.
Brigham EP, West NE. Diagnosis of asthma: diagnostic testing. Paper Presented at: International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 2015.
Brannan JD, Porsbjerg C. Testing for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Immunol Allergy Clin. 2018;38(2):215-229.
Reier-Nilsen T, Sewry N, Chenuel B, et al. Diagnostic approach to lower airway dysfunction in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(8):481-489.
Holzer K, Anderson SD, Douglass J. Exercise in elite summer athletes: challenges for diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(3):374-380.
Hull JH, Ansley L, Price OJ, Dickinson JW, Bonini M. Eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea: gold standard for diagnosing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes? Sports Med. 2016;46:1083-1093.
Weiler JM, Brannan JD, Randolph CC, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction update-2016. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(5):1292-1295. e1236.
Rundell KW, Slee JB. Exercise and other indirect challenges to demonstrate asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2):238-246.
Osthoff M, Michel F, Strupler M, et al. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness testing in athletes of the swiss Paralympic team. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2013;5(1):1-8.
Williams NC, Johnson MA, Hunter KA, Sharpe GR. Reproducibility of the bronchoconstrictive response to eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea. Respir Med. 2015;109(10):1262-1267.
Porsbjerg C, Sverrild A, Backer V. The usefulness of the mannitol challenge test for asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2013;7(6):655-663.
Holzer K, Anderson SD, Chan H-K, Douglass J. Mannitol as a challenge test to identify exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(4):534-537.
Simpson AJ, Drake SM, Fowler SJ. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: a survey of diagnostic practice in secondary care across the United Kingdom. Allergy. 2020;75(8):2130-2132.
Stickland MK, Spooner CH, Dryden DM, Rowe BH. The need for standardization in exercise challenge testing for exercise-induced asthma/bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(4):878-880 e876.
Anderson SD. Indirect challenge tests: airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: its measurement and clinical significance. Chest. 2010;138(2, Supplement):25S-30S.
Porsbjerg C, Brannan J, Anderson S, Backer V. Relationship between airway responsiveness to mannitol and to methacholine and markers of airway inflammation, peak flow variability and quality of life in asthma patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(1):43-50.
Stensrud T, Berntsen S, Carlsen KH. Exercise capacity and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in a cold environment. Respir Med. 2007;101(7):1529-1536.
Kennedy MD, Steele AR, Parent EC, Steinback CD. Cold air exercise screening for exercise induced bronchoconstriction in cold weather athletes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2019;269:103262.
Sue-Chu M, Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Chew N, Bjermer L. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, adenosine 5-monophosphate, mannitol, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea and field exercise challenge in elite cross-country skiers. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(11):827-832.
Pedersen L, Lund TK, Barnes PJ, Kharitonov SA, Backer V. Airway responsiveness and inflammation in adolescent elite swimmers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2):322-327 e321.
Stang J, Stensrud T, Mowinckel P, Carlsen K-H. Parasympathetic activity and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(11):2100-2107.
Bonini M, Gramiccioni C, Fioretti D, et al. Asthma, allergy and the Olympics: a 12-year survey in elite athletes. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;15(2):184-192.
Karrasch S, Linde K, Rücker G, et al. Accuracy of FENO for diagnosing asthma: a systematic review. Thorax. 2017;72(2):109-116.
Belda J, Ricart S, Casan P, et al. Airway inflammation in the elite athlete and type of sport. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(4):244-248; discussion 248-249.
Sue-Chu M, Henriksen AH, Bjermer L. Non-invasive evaluation of lower airway inflammation in hyper-responsive elite cross-country skiers and asthmatics. Respir Med. 1999;93(10):719-725.
Walsted ES, Hull JH, Sverrild A, Porsbjerg C, Backer V. Bronchial provocation testing does not detect exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction. J Asthma. 2017;54(1):77-83.
Burnett DM, Vardiman JP, Deckert JA, Ward JL, Sharpe MR. Perception of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in college athletes. Respir Care. 2016;61(7):897-901.
Kurowski M, Jurczyk J, Krysztofiak H, Kowalski ML. Exercise-induced respiratory symptoms and allergy in elite athletes: allergy and asthma in polish Olympic athletes (a(2)POLO) project within GA(2)LEN initiative. Clin Respir J. 2016;10(2):231-238.
Clemm HH, Olin JT, McIntosh C, et al. Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) in athletes: a narrative review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56(11):622-629.
Jackson AR, Hull JH, Hopker JG, Dickinson JW. Impact of detecting and treating exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite footballers. ERJ Open Res. 2018;4(2).
Backer V, Mastronarde J. Pharmacologic strategies for exercise-induced bronchospasm with a focus on athletes. Immunol Allergy Clin. 2018;38(2):231-243.
Beasley R, Holliday M, Reddel HK, et al. Controlled trial of budesonide-formoterol as needed for mild asthma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(21):2020-2030.
Carlsen K, Anderson S, Bjermer L, et al. Treatment of exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in sports and the relationship to doping: part II of the report from the joint task force of European Respiratory Society (ERS) and European academy of allergy and clinical immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN. Allergy. 2008;63(5):492-505.
Elers J, Strandbygaard U, Pedersen L, Backer V. Daily use of salmeterol causes tolerance to bronchodilation with terbutaline in asthmatic subjects. Open Respir Med J. 2010;4:48-50.
Hancox RJ, Subbarao P, Kamada D, Watson RM, Hargreave FE, Inman MD. Beta2-agonist tolerance and exercise-induced bronchospasm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(8):1068-1070.
Pigakis KM, Stavrou VT, Pantazopoulos I, Daniil Z, Kontopodi AK, Gourgoulianis K. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in elite athletes. Cureus. 2022;14(1):e20898.
Jessen S, Lemminger A, Backer V, et al. Inhaled formoterol impairs aerobic exercise capacity in endurance-trained individuals: a randomised controlled trial. ERJ Open Res. 2023. Early view, doi:10.1138/23120541.00643-2022.
Lemminger AK, Jessen S, Habib S, et al. Effect of beta2-adrenergic agonist and resistance training on maximal oxygen uptake and muscle oxidative enzymes in men. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(12):1881-1891.
Hostrup M, Onslev J, Jacobson GA, Wilson R, Bangsbo J. Chronic β2-adrenoceptor agonist treatment alters muscle proteome and functional adaptations induced by high intensity training in young men. J Physiol. 2018;596(2):231-252.
Duong M, Subbarao P, Adelroth E, et al. Sputum eosinophils and the response of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction to corticosteroid in asthma. Chest. 2008;133(2):404-411.
Couto M, Kurowski M, Moreira A, et al. Mechanisms of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes: current perspectives and future challenges. Allergy. 2018;73(1):8-16.
Dhami S, Kakourou A, Asamoah F, et al. Allergen immunotherapy for allergic asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2017;72(12):1825-1848.
Hynes G, Pavord ID. Targeted biologic therapy for asthma. Br Med Bull. 2020;133(1):16-35.
Karjalainen EM, Laitinen A, Sue-Chu M, Altraja A, Bjermer L, Laitinen LA. Evidence of airway inflammation and remodeling in ski athletes with and without bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(6):2086-2091.
Storms W, Chervinsky P, Ghannam AF, Bird S, Hustad CM, Edelman JM. A comparison of the effects of oral montelukast and inhaled salmeterol on response to rescue bronchodilation after challenge. Respir Med. 2004;98(11):1051-1062.
Stelmach I, Grzelewski T, Majak P, Jerzynska J, Stelmach W, Kuna P. Effect of different antiasthmatic treatments on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(2):383-389.
Freeman W, Javaid A, Cayton RM. The effect of ipratropium bromide on maximal exercise capacity in asthmatic and non-asthmatic men. Respir Med. 1992;86(2):151-155.
Boaventura L, Araujo A, Martinez J, Vianna E. Effects of ipratropium on exercise-induced bronchospasm. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(7):516-520.
Dickinson J, Amirav I, Hostrup M. Nonpharmacologic strategies to manage exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Immunol Allergy Clin. 2018;38(2):245-258.
Stickland MK, Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Vandermeer B, Dryden DM. Effect of warm-up exercise on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(3):383-391.
Eichenberger PA, Scherer TA, Spengler CM. Pre-exercise hyperpnea attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction without affecting performance. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0167318.
Beuther DA, Martin RJ. Efficacy of a heat exchanger mask in cold exercise-induced asthma. Chest. 2006;129(5):1188-1193.
Brenner AM, Weiser PC, Krogh LA, Loren ML. Effectiveness of a portable face mask in attenuating exercise-induced asthma. JAMA. 1980;244(19):2196-2198.
Horrobin DF. Low prevalences of coronary heart disease (CHD), psoriasis, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis in Eskimos: are they caused by high dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a genetic variation of essential fatty acid (EFA) metabolism or a combination of both? Med Hypotheses. 1987;22(4):421-428.
Welsh EJ, Bara A, Barley E, Cates CJ. Caffeine for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(1):CD001112.
Tecklenburg SL, Mickleborough TD, Fly AD, Bai Y, Stager JM. Ascorbic acid supplementation attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101(8):1770-1778.
Karam M, Kaur BP, Baptist AP. A modified breathing exercise program for asthma is easy to perform and effective. J Asthma. 2017;54(2):217-222.
Hostrup M, Jacobson GA, Jessen S, Lemminger AK. Anabolic and lipolytic actions of beta2-agonists in humans and antidoping challenges. Drug Test Anal. 2020;12(5):597-609.
Hostrup M, Kalsen A, Onslev J, et al. Mechanisms underlying enhancements in muscle force and power output during maximal cycle ergometer exercise induced by chronic beta2-adrenergic stimulation in men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;119(5):475-486.
Jessen S, Baasch-Skytte T, Onslev J, et al. Muscle hypertrophic effect of inhaled beta2-agonist is associated with augmented insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal in young men. J Physiol. 2022;600(10):2345-2357.
Jessen S, Onslev J, Lemminger A, Backer V, Bangsbo J, Hostrup M. Hypertrophic effect of inhaled beta2-agonist with and without concurrent exercise training: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(10):2114-2122.
Hostrup M, Reitelseder S, Jessen S, et al. Beta2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol increases protein turnover rates and alters signalling in skeletal muscle after resistance exercise in young men. J Physiol. 2018;596(17):4121-4139.
Breenfeldt Andersen A, Jacobson GA, Bejder J, et al. An abductive inference approach to assess the performance-enhancing effects of drugs included on the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited list. Sports Med. 2021;51(7):1353-1376.
Hostrup M, Onslev J. The beta2-adrenergic receptor-a re-emerging target to combat obesity and induce leanness? J Physiol. 2022;600(5):1209-1227.
Decorte N, Lamalle L, Carlier PG, et al. Impact of salbutamol on muscle metabolism assessed by (3)(1)P NMR spectroscopy. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(3):e267-e273.
Hostrup M, Kalsen A, Bangsbo J, Hemmersbach P, Karlsson S, Backer V. High-dose inhaled terbutaline increases muscle strength and enhances maximal sprint performance in trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(12):2499-2508.
Kalsen A, Hostrup M, Backer V, Bangsbo J. Effect of formoterol, a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist, on muscle strength and power output, metabolism, and fatigue during maximal sprinting in men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016;310(11):R1312-R1321.
Signorile JF, Kaplan TA, Applegate B, Perry AC. Effects of acute inhalation of the bronchodilator, albuterol, on power output. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(6):638-642.
Kalsen A, Hostrup M, Bangsbo J, Backer V. Combined inhalation of beta2-agonists improves swim ergometer sprint performance but not high-intensity swim performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(5):814-822.
Kalsen A, Hostrup M, Söderlund K, Karlsson S, Backer V, Bangsbo J. Inhaled beta2-agonist increases power output and glycolysis during sprinting in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(1):39-48.
Hostrup M, Kalsen A, Auchenberg M, Bangsbo J, Backer V. Effects of acute and 2-week administration of oral salbutamol on exercise performance and muscle strength in athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26(1):8-16.
Hostrup M, Jessen S, Backer V, Bangsbo J, Jacobson GA. Beta2-adrenergic agonists can enhance intense performance and muscle strength in healthy individuals. Allergy. 2021;76(7):2318-2319.
Collomp K, Le Panse B, Portier H, et al. Effects of acute salbutamol intake during a Wingate test. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(7):513-517.
Le Panse B, Collomp K, Portier H, et al. Effects of short-term salbutamol ingestion during a Wingate test. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(7):518-523.
Le Panse B, Arlettaz A, Portier H, Lecoq A-M, De Ceaurriz J, Collomp K. Short term salbutamol ingestion and supramaximal exercise in healthy women. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(7):627-631.
Le Panse B, Arlettaz A, Portier H, Lecoq A-M, De Ceaurriz J, Collomp K. Effects of acute salbutamol intake during supramaximal exercise in women. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(7):430-434.
Sanchez AM, Collomp K, Carra J, et al. Effect of acute and short-term oral salbutamol treatments on maximal power output in non-asthmatic athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(9):3251-3258.
Decorte N, Verges S, Flore P, Guinot M, Wuyam B. Effects of acute salbutamol inhalation on quadriceps force and fatigability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(7):1220-1227.
Decorte N, Bachasson D, Guinot M, et al. Effect of salbutamol on neuromuscular function in endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(10):1925-1932.
Van Baak M, Mayer L, Kempinski R, Hartgens F. Effect of salbutamol on muscle strength and endurance performance in nonasthmatic men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(7):1300-1306.
Jessen S, Reitelseder S, Kalsen A, et al. β2-adrenergic agonist salbutamol augments hypertrophy in MHCIIa fibers and sprint mean power output but not muscle force during 11 weeks of resistance training in young men. J Appl Physiol. 2021;130(3):617-626.
Duclos M. Evidence on ergogenic action of glucocorticoids as a doping agent risk. Phys Sportsmed. 2010;38(3):121-127.
Casuso RA, Melskens L, Bruhn T, Secher NH, Nordsborg NB. Glucocorticoids improve high-intensity exercise performance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(2):419-424.
Vernec A, Slack A, Harcourt PR, et al. Glucocorticoids in elite sport: current status, controversies and innovative management strategies-a narrative review. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(1):8-12.
Jessen S, Becker V, Rzeppa S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of salmeterol and its main metabolite α-hydroxysalmeterol after acute and chronic dry powder inhalation in exercising endurance-trained men: implications for doping control. Drug Test Anal. 2021;13(4):747-761.
Østergaard M, Jessen S, Hansen ESH, et al. Urine concentrations of vilanterol and its metabolites, GSK932009 and GW630200, after inhalation of therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses. Drug Test Anal. 2023. doi:10.1002/dta.3437. Epub ahead of print.
World Anti-Doping Agency. Glucocorticoids and Therapeutic Use Exemptions Guidelines. 2021. Accessed February, 2023. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/therapeutic-use-exemption/glucocorticoids-and-therapeutic-use-exemptions-guidelines.
cyclingweekly.com. Simon Yates ‘embarrassed and ashamed’ over anti-doping rule violation. 2016. Accessed February 7, 2023. https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/simon-yates-embarrassed-ashamed-anti-doping-rule-violation-234053.
World Anti-Doping Agency. Anti-Doping Testing Figures Report 2018. 2020. Accessed August 9, 2022. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/2020_anti-doping_testing_figures_en.pdf.
Dickinson J, Hu J, Chester N, Loosemore M, Whyte G. Impact of ethnicity, gender, and dehydration on the urinary excretion of inhaled salbutamol with respect to doping control. Clin J Sport Med. 2014;24(6):482-489.
Haase CB, Backer V, Kalsen A, Rzeppa S, Hemmersbach P, Hostrup M. The influence of exercise and dehydration on the urine concentrations of salbutamol after inhaled administration of 1600 microg salbutamol as a single dose in relation to doping analysis. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(7):613-620.
vaildaily.com. Asthma advantage. 2018. Accessed February 7, 2023. https://www.vaildaily.com/news/asthma-advantage/.
Network AA. Athletes With Asthma: There's No Stopping Them At the Olympics. Accessed February 7, 2023. https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/news/olympic-athletes-with-asthma/.
معلومات مُعتمدة: Novo Nordisk Fonden
فهرسة مساهمة: Keywords: AHR; EIB; asthma; exercise; exercise-induced bronchoconstriction; hyperresponsiveness; physical activity; training
تواريخ الأحداث: Date Created: 20230325 Date Completed: 20240126 Latest Revision: 20240126
رمز التحديث: 20240126
DOI: 10.1111/sms.14358
PMID: 36965010
قاعدة البيانات: MEDLINE
الوصف
تدمد:1600-0838
DOI:10.1111/sms.14358