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A simple method to measure the gating latencies in photon and proton based radiotherapy using a scintillating crystal.

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العنوان: A simple method to measure the gating latencies in photon and proton based radiotherapy using a scintillating crystal.
المؤلفون: Worm ES; Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark., Thomsen JB; Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark., Johansen JG; Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark., Poulsen PR; Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
المصدر: Medical physics [Med Phys] 2023 Jun; Vol. 50 (6), pp. 3289-3298. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Apr 19.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article
اللغة: English
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: John Wiley and Sons, Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0425746 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2473-4209 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00942405 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Med Phys Subsets: MEDLINE
أسماء مطبوعة: Publication: 2017- : Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Original Publication: Lancaster, Pa., Published for the American Assn. of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics.
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Photons* , Protons*, Particle Accelerators ; Phantoms, Imaging ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Respiration
مستخلص: Background: In respiratory gated radiotherapy, low latency between target motion into and out of the gating window and actual beam-on and beam-off is crucial for the treatment accuracy. However, there is presently a lack of guidelines and accurate methods for gating latency measurements.
Purpose: To develop a simple and reliable method for gating latency measurements that work across different radiotherapy platforms.
Methods: Gating latencies were measured at a Varian ProBeam (protons, RPM gating system) and TrueBeam (photons, TrueBeam gating system) accelerator. A motion-stage performed 1 cm vertical sinusoidal motion of a marker block that was optically tracked by the gating system. An amplitude gating window was set to cover the posterior half of the motion (0-0.5 cm). Gated beams were delivered to a 5 mm cubic scintillating ZnSe:O crystal that emitted visible light when irradiated, thereby directly showing when the beam was on. During gated beam delivery, a video camera acquired images at 120 Hz of the moving marker block and light-emitting crystal. After treatment, the block position and crystal light intensity were determined in all video frames. Two methods were used to determine the gate-on (τ on ) and gate-off (τ off ) latencies. By method 1, the video was synchronized with gating log files by temporal alignment of the same block motion recorded in both the video and the log files. τ on was defined as the time from the block entered the gating window (from gating log files) to the actual beam-on as detected by the crystal light. Similarly, τ off was the time from the block exited the gating window to beam-off. By method 2, τ on and τ off were found from the videos alone using motion of different sine periods (1-10 s). In each video, a sinusoidal fit of the block motion provided the times T min of the lowest block position. The mid-time, T mid-light , of each beam-on period was determined as the time halfway between crystal light signal start and end. It can be shown that the directly measurable quantity T mid-light - T min  = (τ off +τ on )/2, which provided the sum (τ off +τ on ) of the two latencies. It can also be shown that the beam-on (i.e., crystal light) duration ΔT light increases linearly with the sine period and depends on τ off - τ on : ΔT light  = constant•period+(τ off - τ on ). Hence, a linear fit of ΔT light as a function of the period provided the difference of the two latencies. From the sum (τ off +τ on ) and difference (τ off - τ on ), the individual latencies were determined.
Results: Method 1 resulted in mean (±SD) latencies of τ on  = 255 ± 33 ms, τ off  = 82 ± 15 ms for the ProBeam and τ on  = 84 ± 13 ms, τ off  = 44 ± 11 ms for the TrueBeam. Method 2 resulted in latencies of τ on  = 255 ± 23 ms, τ off  = 95 ± 23 ms for the ProBeam and τ on  = 83 ± 8 ms, τ off  = 46 ± 8 ms for the TrueBeam. Hence, the mean latencies determined by the two methods agreed within 13 ms for the ProBeam and within 2 ms for the TrueBeam.
Conclusions: A novel, simple and low-cost method for gating latency measurements that work across different radiotherapy platforms was demonstrated. Only the TrueBeam fully fulfilled the AAPM TG-142 recommendation of maximum 100 ms latencies.
(© 2023 The Authors. Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine.)
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معلومات مُعتمدة: R191-A11526 DCCC Radiotherapy-The Danish National Research Center for Radiotherapy, Danish Cancer Society; R146-A9373 DCCC Radiotherapy-The Danish National Research Center for Radiotherapy, Danish Cancer Society; Danish Comprehensive Cancer Center; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
فهرسة مساهمة: Keywords: gating; latency; radiotherapy; scintillating crystal
المشرفين على المادة: 0 (Protons)
تواريخ الأحداث: Date Created: 20230419 Date Completed: 20230615 Latest Revision: 20230615
رمز التحديث: 20230615
DOI: 10.1002/mp.16418
PMID: 37075173
قاعدة البيانات: MEDLINE
الوصف
تدمد:2473-4209
DOI:10.1002/mp.16418