دورية أكاديمية
HIV infection.
| العنوان: | HIV infection. |
|---|---|
| المؤلفون: | Bekker LG; The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, RSA, Cape Town, South Africa. Linda-Gail.Bekker@hiv-research.org.za., Beyrer C; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA., Mgodi N; University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe., Lewin SR; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia., Delany-Moretlwe S; Wits RHI, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa., Taiwo B; Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA., Masters MC; Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA., Lazarus JV; CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA.; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. |
| المصدر: | Nature reviews. Disease primers [Nat Rev Dis Primers] 2023 Aug 17; Vol. 9 (1), pp. 42. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Aug 17. |
| نوع المنشور: | Journal Article; Review; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| اللغة: | English |
| بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101672103 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2056-676X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 2056676X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nat Rev Dis Primers Subsets: MEDLINE |
| أسماء مطبوعة: | Original Publication: London : Nature Publishing Group, [2015]- |
| مواضيع طبية MeSH: | HIV Infections*/drug therapy , HIV Infections*/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome* , Epidemics*, Humans ; Quality of Life ; Immunotherapy |
| مستخلص: | The AIDS epidemic has been a global public health issue for more than 40 years and has resulted in ~40 million deaths. AIDS is caused by the retrovirus, HIV-1, which is transmitted via body fluids and secretions. After infection, the virus invades host cells by attaching to CD4 receptors and thereafter one of two major chemokine coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, destroying the host cell, most often a T lymphocyte, as it replicates. If unchecked this can lead to an immune-deficient state and demise over a period of ~2-10 years. The discovery and global roll-out of rapid diagnostics and effective antiretroviral therapy led to a large reduction in mortality and morbidity and to an expanding group of individuals requiring lifelong viral suppressive therapy. Viral suppression eliminates sexual transmission of the virus and greatly improves health outcomes. HIV infection, although still stigmatized, is now a chronic and manageable condition. Ultimate epidemic control will require prevention and treatment to be made available, affordable and accessible for all. Furthermore, the focus should be heavily oriented towards long-term well-being, care for multimorbidity and good quality of life. Intense research efforts continue for therapeutic and/or preventive vaccines, novel immunotherapies and a cure. (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.) |
| التعليقات: | Erratum in: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023 Sep 11;9(1):48. (PMID: 37696843) |
| References: | Djawe, K. et al. Mortality risk after AIDS-defining opportunistic illness among HIV-infected persons—San Francisco, 1981–2012. J. Infect. Dis. 212, 1366–1375 (2015). (PMID: 26044289) Violari, A. et al. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 2233–2244 (2008). (PMID: 190203252950021) Garcia-Broncano, P. et al. Early antiretroviral therapy in neonates with HIV-1 infection restricts viral reservoir size and induces a distinct innate immune profile. Sci. Transl Med. 11, eaax7350 (2019). (PMID: 317762928397898) Edwards, J. K. et al. Five-year mortality for adults entering human immunodeficiency virus care under universal early treatment compared with the general US population. Clin. Infect. Dis. 75, 867–874 (2022). (PMID: 349830669477443) UNAIDS. UNAIDS Epidemiological Estimates. UNAIDS https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2023/2022_unaids_data (2022). Ceccarelli, G. et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2: the neglected threat. Pathogens 10, 1377 (2021). (PMID: 348325338621479) Cho, M., Min, X. & Son, H. S. Analysis of evolutionary and genetic patterns in structural genes of primate lentiviruses. Genes Genom. 44, 773–791 (2022). Rambaut, A. et al. The causes and consequences of HIV evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5, 52–61 (2004). (PMID: 14708016) Korber, B. et al. Timing the ancestor of the HIV-1 pandemic strains. Science 288, 1789–1796 (2000). (PMID: 10846155) Hahn, B. H., Shaw, G. M., De Cock, K. M. & Sharp, P. M. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science 287, 607–614 (2000). (PMID: 10649986) Williams, K. C. & Burdo, T. H. HIV and SIV infection: the role of cellular restriction and immune responses in viral replication and pathogenesis. APMIS 117, 400–412 (2009). (PMID: 194008642739573) Pepin, J., Plamondon, M., Alves, A. C., Beaudet, M. & Labbe, A. C. Parenteral transmission during excision and treatment of tuberculosis and trypanosomiasis may be responsible for the HIV-2 epidemic in Guinea-Bissau. AIDS 20, 1303–1311 (2006). (PMID: 16816560) Pepin, J. et al. Iatrogenic transmission of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus through parenteral treatment and chemoprophylaxis of sleeping sickness in colonial Equatorial Africa. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51, 777–784 (2010). (PMID: 20735238) Pepin, J. & Labbe, A. C. Noble goals, unforeseen consequences: control of tropical diseases in colonial Central Africa and the iatrogenic transmission of blood-borne viruses. Trop. Med. Int. Health 13, 744–753 (2008). (PMID: 18397182) Chitnis, A., Rawls, D. & Moore, J. Origin of HIV type 1 in colonial French Equatorial Africa? AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 16, 5–8 (2000). (PMID: 10628811) Worobey, M. et al. Direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa by 1960. Nature 455, 661–664 (2008). (PMID: 188332793682493) de Sousa, J. D., Muller, V., Lemey, P. & Vandamme, A. M. High GUD incidence in the early 20th century created a particularly permissive time window for the origin and initial spread of epidemic HIV strains. PLoS ONE 5, e9936 (2010). (PMID: 203761912848574) Bennedbæk, M. et al. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 shows frequent cross-country transmission and local population expansions. Virus Evol. 7, veab055 (2021). (PMID: 345320598438898) Taylor, B. S., Sobieszczyk, M. E., McCutchan, F. E. & Hammer, S. M. The challenge of HIV-1 subtype diversity. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 1590–1602 (2008). (PMID: 184037672614444) Gilbert, M. T. et al. The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 18566–18570 (2007). (PMID: 179781862141817) Sharp, P. M. & Hahn, B. H. Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 1, a006841 (2011). (PMID: 222291203234451) Hladik, F. & McElrath, M. J. Setting the stage: host invasion by HIV. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8, 447–457 (2008). (PMID: 184698312587276) Cohen, M. S., Shaw, G. M., McMichael, A. J. & Haynes, B. F. Acute-HIV-1 infection: basic, clinical and public health perspectives. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 1943–1954 (2011). (PMID: 215919463771113) Humphrey, J. et al. Integration of HIV care into maternal and child health services in the global IeDEA consortium. Front. Glob. Women’s Health 4, 1066297 (2023). Zuma, K. et al. The HIV epidemic in South Africa: key findings from 2017 national population-based survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 8125 (2022). (PMID: 358057849265818) Roberts, D. A. et al. Predicting the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition in rural South Africa using geospatial data. Clin. Infect. Dis. 75, 1224–1231 (2022). (PMID: 351006129525068) Gray, G. E. et al. Vaccine efficacy of ALVAC-HIV and bivalent subtype C gp120-MF59 in adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 1089–1100 (2021). (PMID: 337612067888373) UNAIDS. In Danger: UNAIDS Global AIDS update. UNAIDS https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2022-global-aids-update-summary_en.pdf (2022). Farley, T. M. et al. Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context – systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 23, e25490 (2020). (PMID: 325583447303540) Lyons, C. E. et al. Associations between punitive policies and legal barriers to consensual same-sex sexual acts and HIV among gay men and other men who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa: a multicountry, respondent-driven sampling survey. Lancet HIV 10, e186–e194 (2023). (PMID: 36623537) Eleje, G. U. et al. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among pregnant women with single, dual or triplex infections of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med. 10, 20503121221095411 (2022). (PMID: 355099559058348) UNAIDS. Anambra, Nigeria, commits to eliminating vertical transmission of HIV by end of 2022. UNAIDS https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2021/september/20210906_nigeria-mother-child-transmission (2021). Beyrer, C. et al. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet 380, 367–377 (2012). (PMID: 228196603805037) Sullivan, P. S. et al. Epidemiology of HIV in the USA: epidemic burden, inequities, contexts, and responses. Lancet 397, 1095–1106 (2021). (PMID: 33617774) SeyedAlinaghi, S. et al. HIV in Iran: onset, responses, and future directions. AIDS 35, 529–542 (2021). (PMID: 33252485) Khalid, H. & Fox, A. M. Political and governance challenges to achieving global HIV goals with injecting drug users: the case of Pakistan. Int. J. Health Policy Manag. 8, 261–271 (2019). (PMID: 312044426571491) Govender, K. et al. Association of HIV intervention uptake with HIV prevalence in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e228640 (2022). (PMID: 354521039034400) Marinda, E. et al. Towards achieving the 90–90–90 HIV targets: results from the South African 2017 national HIV survey. BMC Public Health 20, 1375 (2020). (PMID: 329075657487872) Marsh, K. et al. Global, regional and country-level 90-90-90 estimates for 2018: assessing progress towards the 2020 target. AIDS 33, S213–S226 (2019). (PMID: 31490781) Astawesegn, F. H. et al. Trends and effects of antiretroviral therapy coverage during pregnancy on mother-to-child transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from panel data analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 22, 134 (2022). (PMID: 351354748822759) Van de Perre, P. et al. HIV-1 reservoirs in breast milk and challenges to elimination of breast-feeding transmission of HIV-1. Sci. Transl Med. 4, 143sr3 (2012). (PMID: 22814853) Joseph Davey, D. L. et al. Early pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) initiation and continuation among pregnant and postpartum women in antenatal care in Cape Town, South Africa. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 25, e25866 (2022). (PMID: 351386788826542) Adimora, A. A. et al. Cohort profile: the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Int. J. Epidemiol. 47, 393–394i (2018). (PMID: 296884975913596) Autenrieth, C. S. et al. Global and regional trends of people living with HIV aged 50 and over: estimates and projections for 2000–2020. PLoS ONE 13, e0207005 (2018). (PMID: 304963026264840) Bigna, J. J. et al. Global burden of hypertension among people living with HIV in the era of increased life expectancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hypertens. 38, 1659–1668 (2020). (PMID: 32371769) D’Souza, G. et al. Characteristics of the MACS/WIHS combined cohort study: opportunities for research on aging with HIV in the longest US observational study of HIV. Am. J. Epidemiol. 190, 1457–1475 (2021). (PMID: 336752248484936) Davis, K. et al. Association between HIV infection and hypertension: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. BMC Med. 19, 105 (2021). (PMID: 339802228117497) Brennan, A. T. et al. Change in body weight and risk of hypertension after switching from efavirenz to dolutegravir in adults living with HIV: evidence from routine care in Johannesburg, South Africa. EClinicalMedicine 57, 101836 (2023). (PMID: 368163489932660) Rodés, B., Cadiñanos, J., Esteban-Cantos, A., Rodríguez-Centeno, J. & Arribas, J. R. Ageing with HIV: challenges and biomarkers. EBioMedicine 77, 103896 (2022). (PMID: 352280148889090) Chiappini, E. et al. Accelerated aging in perinatally HIV-infected children: clinical manifestations and pathogenetic mechanisms. Aging 10, 3610–3625 (2018). (PMID: 304189336286860) Des Jarlais, D. C., Kerr, T., Carrieri, P., Feelemyer, J. & Arasteh, K. HIV infection among persons who inject drugs: ending old epidemics and addressing new outbreaks. AIDS 30, 815–826 (2016). (PMID: 26836787) Baggaley, R. F. et al. National policies for delivering tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis B and C virus infection services for migrants among member states of the WHO European Region. J. Travel Med. 30, taac136 (2022). (PMID: 9940698) Weiss, R. A., Dalgleish, A. G., Loveday, C., Pillay. D. in Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology (eds Zuckerman, A. J., Banatvala, J. E., Pattison, J. R., Griffiths, P. D. & Schoub, B. D.) 721–757 (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004). Chan, D. C. & Kim, P. S. HIV entry and its inhibition. Cell 93, 681–684 (1998). (PMID: 9630213) Dragic, T. et al. HIV-1 entry into CD4 + cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 381, 667–673 (1996). (PMID: 8649512) Bleul, C. C. et al. The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 382, 829–833 (1996). (PMID: 8752280) Checkley, M. A., Luttge, B. G. & Freed, E. O. HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein biosynthesis, trafficking, and incorporation. J. Mol. Biol. 410, 582–608 (2011). (PMID: 217628023139147) Koot, M. et al. Prognostic value of HIV-1 syncytium-inducing phenotype for rate of CD4 + cell depletion and progression to AIDS. Ann. Intern. Med. 118, 681–688 (1993). (PMID: 8096374) Jekle, A. et al. In vivo evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 toward increased pathogenicity through CXCR4-mediated killing of uninfected CD4 T cells. J. Virol. 77, 5846–5854 (2003). (PMID: 12719578154038) Liu, R. et al. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86, 367–377 (1996). (PMID: 8756719) Stephenson, K. E., Wagh, K., Korber, B. & Barouch, D. H. Vaccines and broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1 prevention. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 38, 673–703 (2020). (PMID: 323405767375352) Barré-Sinoussi, F. et al. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 220, 868–871 (1983). (PMID: 6189183) Roberts, J. D., Bebenek, K. & Kunkel, T. A. The accuracy of reverse transcriptase from HIV-1. Science 242, 1171–1173 (1988). (PMID: 2460925) Bukrinsky, M. I. et al. Active nuclear import of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 6580–6584 (1992). (PMID: 163115949545) Preston, B. D., Poiesz, B. J. & Loeb, L. A. Fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Science 242, 1168–1171 (1988). (PMID: 2460924) Perelson, A. S., Neumann, A. U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J. M. & Ho, D. D. HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271, 1582–1586 (1996). (PMID: 8599114) Walker, B. D. et al. HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals. Nature 328, 345–348 (1987). (PMID: 3496541) Touloumi, G. et al. Impact of HIV-1 subtype on CD4 count at HIV seroconversion, rate of decline, and viral load set point in European seroconverter cohorts. Clin. Infect. Dis. 56, 888–897 (2013). (PMID: 23223594) Pantaleo, G. & Fauci, A. S. New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13, 487–512 (1995). (PMID: 7612232) Biggs, B. A., Hewish, M., Kent, S., Hayes, K. & Crowe, S. M. HIV-1 infection of human macrophages impairs phagocytosis and killing of Toxoplasma gondii. J. Immunol. 154, 6132–6139 (1995). (PMID: 7751654) Chow, J. C., Young, D. W., Golenbock, D. T., Christ, W. J. & Gusovsky, F. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 10689–10692 (1999). (PMID: 10196138) Brenchley, J. M. et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat. Med. 12, 1365–1371 (2006). (PMID: 17115046) Heil, F. et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303, 1526–1529 (2004). (PMID: 14976262) Zeng, M. et al. Cumulative mechanisms of lymphoid tissue fibrosis and T cell depletion in HIV-1 and SIV infections. J. Clin. Invest. 121, 998–1008 (2011). (PMID: 213938643049394) Cooper, D. A. et al. Acute AIDS retrovirus infection. definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion. Lancet 1, 537–540 (1985). (PMID: 2857899) Brew, B. J. et al. The neurological features of early and ‘latent’ human immunodeficiency virus infection. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 19, 700–705 (1989). (PMID: 2631662) Pantaleo, G. et al. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 362, 355–358 (1993). (PMID: 8455722) Glushakova, S. et al. Evidence for the HIV-1 phenotype switch as a causal factor in acquired immunodeficiency. Nat. Med. 4, 346–349 (1998). (PMID: 9500611) El-Atrouni, W., Berbari, E. & Temesgenm, Z. HIV-associated opportunistic infections. bacterial infections. J. Med. Liban. 54, 80–83 (2006). (PMID: 17086998) Crowe, S. M., Carlin, J. B., Stewart, K. I., Lucas, C. R. & Hoy, J. F. Predictive value of CD4 lymphocyte numbers for the development of opportunistic infections and malignancies in HIV-infected persons. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 4, 770–776 (1991). (PMID: 1677419) Zhang, L. et al. Measuring recent thymic emigrants in blood of normal and HIV-1-infected individuals before and after effective therapy. J. Exp. Med. 190, 725–732 (1999). (PMID: 104775562195623) Autran, B. et al. Positive effects of combined antiretroviral therapy on CD4 + T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease. Science 277, 112–116 (1997). (PMID: 9204894) Rajasuriar, R. et al. Biological determinants of immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: the role of interleukin 7 and interleukin 7 receptor α and microbial translocation. J. Infect. Dis. 202, 1254–1264 (2010). (PMID: 20812848) Rajasuriar, R., Wright, E. & Lewin, S. R. Impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) timing on chronic immune activation/inflammation and end-organ damage. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 10, 35–42 (2015). (PMID: 254154204301839) Hunt, P. W. et al. T cell activation is associated with lower CD4 + T cell gains in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with sustained viral suppression during antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 187, 1534–1543 (2003). (PMID: 12721933) Jain, V. et al. Antiretroviral therapy initiated within 6 months of HIV infection is associated with lower T-cell activation and smaller HIV reservoir size. J. Infect. Dis. 208, 1202–1211 (2013). (PMID: 238521273778965) Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group. CD4 + count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N. Engl. J. Med 355, 2283–2296 (2006). Chun, T. W. et al. In vivo fate of HIV-1-infected T cells: quantitative analysis of the transition to stable latency. Nat. Med. 1, 1284–1290 (1995). (PMID: 7489410) Pitman, M. C., Lau, J. S. Y., McMahon, J. H. & Lewin, S. R. Barriers and strategies to achieve a cure for HIV. Lancet HIV 5, e317–e328 (2018). (PMID: 298932456559798) Saleh, S. et al. CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 increase permissiveness of resting memory CD4 + T cells to HIV-1 infection: a novel model of HIV-1 latency. Blood 110, 4161–4164 (2007). (PMID: 17881634) Shan, L. et al. Transcriptional reprogramming during effector-to-memory transition renders CD4 + T cells permissive for latent HIV-1 infection. Immunity 47, 766–775.e3 (2017). (PMID: 290459055948104) Zhang, Z. et al. Sexual transmission and propagation of SIV and HIV in resting and activated CD4 + T cells. Science 286, 1353–1357 (1999). (PMID: 10558989) Finzi, D. et al. Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science 278, 1295–1300 (1997). (PMID: 9360927) Abrahams, M. R. et al. The replication-competent HIV-1 latent reservoir is primarily established near the time of therapy initiation. Sci. Transl Med. 11, eaaw5589 (2019). (PMID: 315977547233356) Peluso, M. J. et al. Differential decay of intact and defective proviral DNA in HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JCI Insight 5, e132997 (2020). (PMID: 320453867101154) Finzi, D. et al. Latent infection of CD4 + T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy. Nat. Med. 5, 512–517 (1999). (PMID: 10229227) Maldarelli, F. et al. HIV latency. specific HIV integration sites are linked to clonal expansion and persistence of infected cells. Science 345, 179–183 (2014). (PMID: 249689374262401) Simonetti, F. R. et al. Clonally expanded CD4 + T cells can produce infectious HIV-1 in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 1883–1888 (2016). (PMID: 268584424763755) White, J. A. et al. Clonally expanded HIV-1 proviruses with 5′-leader defects can give rise to nonsuppressible residual viremia. J. Clin. Invest 133, e165245 (2023). (PMID: 3660286610014112) Sannier, G. et al. Combined single-cell transcriptional, translational, and genomic profiling reveals HIV-1 reservoir diversity. Cell Rep. 36, 109643 (2021). (PMID: 34469719) Li, J. Z. et al. The size of the expressed HIV reservoir predicts timing of viral rebound after treatment interruption. AIDS 30, 343–353 (2016). (PMID: 26588174) Einkauf, K. B. et al. Parallel analysis of transcription, integration, and sequence of single HIV-1 proviruses. Cell 185, 266–282.e15 (2022). (PMID: 350261538809251) Chang, C. C. et al. Variation in cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA on antiretroviral therapy is associated with the circadian regulator brain-and-muscle-ARNT-like-1. AIDS 32, 2119–2128 (2018). (PMID: 30005017) Scully, E. P. et al. Sex-based differences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reservoir activity and residual immune activation. J. Infect. Dis. 219, 1084–1094 (2019). (PMID: 30371873) Sun, W. et al. Phenotypic signatures of immune selection in HIV-1 reservoir cells. Nature 614, 309–317 (2023). (PMID: 365999779908552) Clark, I. C. et al. HIV silencing and cell survival signatures in infected T cell reservoirs. Nature 614, 318–325 (2023). (PMID: 365999789908556) Ho, Y. C. et al. Replication-competent noninduced proviruses in the latent reservoir increase barrier to HIV-1 cure. Cell 155, 540–551 (2013). (PMID: 242430143896327) Lewin, S. R. et al. Use of real-time PCR and molecular beacons to detect virus replication in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals on prolonged effective antiretroviral therapy. J. Virol. 73, 6099–6103 (1999). (PMID: 10364365112674) Hiener, B. et al. Identification of genetically intact HIV-1 proviruses in specific CD4 + T cells from effectively treated participants. Cell Rep. 21, 813–822 (2017). (PMID: 290458465960642) Bruner, K. M. et al. A quantitative approach for measuring the reservoir of latent HIV-1 proviruses. Nature 566, 120–125 (2019). (PMID: 307009136447073) Turk, G. et al. A possible sterilizing cure of HIV-1 infection without stem cell transplantation. Ann. Intern. Med. 175, 95–100 (2022). (PMID: 34781719) Jiang, C. et al. Distinct viral reservoirs in individuals with spontaneous control of HIV-1. Nature 585, 261–267 (2020). (PMID: 328482467837306) Yang, O. O., Cumberland, W. G., Escobar, R., Liao, D. & Chew, K. W. Demographics and natural history of HIV-1-infected spontaneous controllers of viremia. AIDS 31, 1091–1098 (2017). (PMID: 28301422) Collins, D. R., Gaiha, G. D. & Walker, B. D. CD8 + T cells in HIV control, cure and prevention. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20, 471–482 (2020). (PMID: 320515407222980) Gaiha, G. D. et al. Structural topology defines protective CD8 + T cell epitopes in the HIV proteome. Science 364, 480–484 (2019). (PMID: 310484896855781) Hocqueloux, L. et al. Long-term immunovirologic control following antiretroviral therapy interruption in patients treated at the time of primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS 24, 1598–1601 (2010). (PMID: 20549847) Li, J. Z. & Blankson, J. N. How elite controllers and posttreatment controllers inform our search for an HIV-1 cure. J. Clin. Invest. 131, e149414 (2021). (PMID: 340604788159676) Namazi, G. et al. The control of HIV after antiretroviral medication pause (CHAMP) study: posttreatment controllers identified from 14 clinical studies. J. Infect. Dis. 218, 1954–1963 (2018). (PMID: 300852416217727) Etemad, B. et al. HIV post-treatment controllers have distinct immunological and virological features. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2218960120 (2023). (PMID: 3687784810089217) Molinos-Albert, L. M. et al. Transient viral exposure drives functionally-coordinated humoral immune responses in HIV-1 post-treatment controllers. Nat. Commun. 13, 1944 (2022). (PMID: 354109899001681) Kahn, J. O. & Walker, B. D. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 33–39 (1998). (PMID: 9647878) Moir, S., Chun, T. W. & Fauci, A. S. Pathogenic mechanisms of HIV disease. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 6, 223–248 (2011). (PMID: 21034222) Hurt, C. B., Nelson, J. A. E., Hightow-Weidman, L. B. & Miller, W. C. Selecting an HIV test: a narrative review for clinicians and researchers. Sex. Transm. Dis. 44, 739–746 (2017). (PMID: 291408905718364) Fiebig, E. W. et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS 17, 1871–1879 (2003). (PMID: 12960819) Prakash, R., Yashaswini, M. K. in Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control (ed. Okware, S. I.) (IntechOpen, 2022). Alexander, T. S. Human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic testing: 30 years of evolution. Clin. Vaccin. Immunol. 23, 249–253 (2016). World Health Organization. Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services. WHO https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-155058-1 (2019). Gökengin, D. et al. European guideline on HIV testing in genito-urinary medicine settings. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 35, 1043–1057 (2021). (PMID: 33666276) National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, and TB Prevention (U.S.), Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Association of Public Health Laboratories. 2018 Quick reference guide: Recommended laboratory HIV testing algorithm for serum or plasma specimens. CDC https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/50872 (2018). Drain, P. K. et al. Diagnostic point-of-care tests in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect. Dis. 14, 239–249 (2014). (PMID: 24332389) Witzel, T. C. et al. Comparing the effects of HIV self-testing to standard HIV testing for key populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 18, 381 (2020). (PMID: 332678907713313) World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach. WHO https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593 (2021). Branson, B. M. et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 55, 1–17 (2006). (PMID: 16988643) Wanyenze, R. K. et al. Abbreviated HIV counselling and testing and enhanced referral to care in Uganda: a factorial randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob. Health 1, e137–e145 (2013). (PMID: 251042624129546) Eshleman, S. H. et al. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in women who received injectable cabotegravir or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine for HIV prevention: HPTN 084. J. Infect. Dis. 225, 1741–1749 (2022). (PMID: 353015409113509) Cohan, D., Gomez, E., Greenberg, M., Washington, S. & Charlebois, E. D. Patient perspectives with abbreviated versus standard pre-test HIV counseling in the prenatal setting: a randomized-controlled, non-inferiority trial. PLoS ONE 4, e5166 (2009). (PMID: 193673352666158) Eshleman, S. H. et al. HIV RNA screening reduces integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance risk in persons receiving long-acting cabotegravir for HIV prevention. J. Infect. Dis. 226, 2170–2180 (2022). (PMID: 3624038610205624) Stover, J. et al. The case for investing in the male condom. PLoS ONE 12, e0177108 (2017). (PMID: 285105915433691) Giannou, F. K. et al. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on HIV serodiscordant couples. Expert Rev. Pharmacoeconomics Outcomes Res. 16, 489–499 (2016). Smith, D. K., Herbst, J. H., Zhang, X. & Rose, C. E. Condom effectiveness for HIV prevention by consistency of use among men who have sex with men in the United States. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 68, 337–344 (2015). (PMID: 25469526) Carey, R. F. et al. Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use. Sex. Transm. Dis. 19, 230–234 (1992). (PMID: 1411838) Sanders, S. A. et al. Condom use errors and problems: a global view. Sex. Health 9, 81–95 (2012). (PMID: 22348636) Stover, J. & Teng, Y. The impact of condom use on the HIV epidemic. Gates Open Res. 5, 91 (2022). (PMID: 353556898933340) Fasehun, L.-K., Lewinger, S., Fasehun, O. & Brooks, M. Barriers and facilitators to acceptability of the female condom in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Ann. Glob. Health 88, 20 (2022). (PMID: 354332838916053) Wiyeh, A. B., Mome, R. K. B., Mahasha, P. W., Kongnyuy, E. J. & Wiysonge, C. S. Effectiveness of the female condom in preventing HIV and sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 20, 319 (2020). (PMID: 321646527068875) Prodger, J. L. et al. How does voluntary medical male circumcision reduce HIV risk. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep. 19, 484–490 (2022). (PMID: 363085799617235) Tobian, A. A. et al. Voluntary medical male circumcision in resource-constrained settings. Nat. Rev. Urol. 12, 661–670 (2015). (PMID: 26526758) Wawer, M. J. et al. Circumcision in HIV-infected men and its effect on HIV transmission to female partners in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374, 229–237 (2009). (PMID: 196167202905212) Yuan, T. et al. Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data. Lancet Glob. Health 7, e436–e447 (2019). (PMID: 308795087779827) Tobian, A. A., Kacker, S. & Quinn, T. C. Male circumcision: a globally relevant but under-utilized method for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Annu. Rev. Med. 65, 293–306 (2014). (PMID: 24111891) Grund, J. M. et al. Association between male circumcision and women’s biomedical health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet Glob. Health 5, e1113–e1122 (2017). (PMID: 290256335728090) Morris, B. J. et al. Does male circumcision reduce women’s risk of sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and associated conditions? Front. Public Health 7, 4 (2019). (PMID: 307668636365441) Stegman, P. M. et al. Estimating male circumcision coverage in 15 priority countries in sub-Saharan Africa. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 24, e25789 (2021). (PMID: 345466438454680) World Health Organization. Voluntary medical male circumcision: remarkable progress in the scale up of VMMC as an HIV prevention intervention in 15 ESA countries. WHO https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/voluntary-medical-male-circumcision-progress-brief-2019 (2019). Palmateer, N. et al. Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: latest evidence of effectiveness from a systematic review (2011 to 2020). Int. J. Drug. Policy 109, 103872 (2022). (PMID: 36202039) Larney, S. et al. Global, regional, and country-level coverage of interventions to prevent and manage HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet Glob. Health 5, e1208–e1220 (2017). (PMID: 290744105683737) O’Keefe, D., Stoové, M., Doyle, J., Dietze, P. & Hellard, M. Injecting drug use in low and middle-income countries: opportunities to improve care and prevent harm. J. Viral Hepat. 24, 714–724 (2017). (PMID: 28632952) World Health Organization. Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. WHO https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241509565 (2015). Fonner, V. A. et al. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS 30, 1973–1983 (2016). (PMID: 27149090) Hendrix, C. W. Exploring concentration response in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis to optimize clinical care and trial design. Cell 155, 515–518 (2013). (PMID: 24243011) Chatterjee, A. et al. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS. Dis. Markers 32, 143–151 (2012). (PMID: 223777303826810) World Health Organization. Guidelines on long-acting injectable cabotegravir for HIV prevention. WHO https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240054097 (2022). World Health Organization. What’s the 2+1+1? Event-driven oral pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV for men who have sex with men: update to WHO’s recommendation on oral PrEP. WHO https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/what-s-the-2-1-1-event-driven-oral-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-to-prevent-hiv-for-men-who-have-sex-with-men (2019). Molina, J. M. et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 373, 2237–2246 (2015). (PMID: 26624850) Nel, A. et al. Safety and efficacy of a dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 375, 2133–2143 (2016). (PMID: 27959766) Baeten, J. M. et al. Use of a vaginal ring containing dapivirine for HIV-1 prevention in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 375, 2121–2132 (2016). (PMID: 269009024993693) Baeten, J. M., Brown, E. R. & Hillier, S. L. Dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV-1 prevention. N. Engl. J. Med. 376, 995–996 (2017). (PMID: 28273023) Marrazzo, J. M. et al. Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 509–518 (2015). (PMID: 256512454341965) Landovitz, R. J. et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 595–608 (2021). (PMID: 343799228448593) Delany-Moretlwe, S. et al. Cabotegravir for the prevention of HIV-1 in women: results from HPTN 084, a phase 3, randomised clinical trial. Lancet 399, 1779–1789 (2022). (PMID: 353780779077443) AVAC. The future of ARV-based prevention and more. AVAC https://www.avac.org/infographic/future-arv-based-prevention (2022). World Health Organization. Global PrEP Network: global state of PrEP. WHO https://www.who.int/groups/global-prep-network/global-state-of-prep (2022). Kuhar, D. T. et al. Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to human immunodeficiency virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Infect. Cont. Hosp. Epidemiol. 34, 875–892 (2013). Dominguez, K. L. et al. Updated guidelines for antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV—United States, 2016. Update May 23, 2018. CDC https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/38856 (2016). Otten, R. A. et al. Efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 2). J. Virol. 74, 9771–9775 (2000). (PMID: 11000253112413) Le Grand, R. et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis with highly active antiretroviral therapy could not protect macaques from infection with SIV/HIV chimera. AIDS 14, 1846–1866 (2000). Sperling, R. S. et al. Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1621–1629 (1996). (PMID: 8965861) Wade, N. A. et al. Abbreviated regimens of zidovudine prophylaxis and perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1409–1414 (1998). (PMID: 9811915) Phillips, A. N. et al. Potential future impact of a partially effective HIV vaccine in a southern African setting. PLoS ONE 9, e107214 (2014). (PMID: 252079734160197) Kim, J., Vasan, S., Kim, J. H. & Ake, J. A. Current approaches to HIV vaccine development: a narrative review. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 24, e25793 (2021). (PMID: 348062968606871) Rerks-Ngarm, S. et al. Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 2209–2220 (2009). (PMID: 19843557) Lu, S. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 21, 346–351 (2009). (PMID: 195009643743086) Zolla-Pazner, S., Michael, N. L. & Kim, J. H. A tale of four studies: HIV vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy in clinical trials. Lancet HIV 8, e449–e452 (2021). (PMID: 340295158449712) National Institutes of Health News Release. HIV vaccine candidate does not sufficiently protect women against HIV infection. NIH https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/hiv-vaccine-candidate-does-not-sufficiently-protect-women-against-hiv-infection (2021). HIV Vaccine Trials Network News Release. Phase 3 mosaic-based investigational hiv vaccine study discontinued following disappointing results of planned data review. HVTN https://www.hvtn.org/news/news-releases/2023/01/phase-3-mosaic-based-investigational-hiv-vaccine-study-discontinued-following-disappointing-results-planned-data-review.html?utm_source=AVAC+Email+Updates&utm_campaign=f35b021248-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2021_08_31_11_20_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6fd730be57-f35b021248-130140701 (2023). Corey, L. et al. Two randomized trials of neutralizing antibodies to prevent HIV-1 acquisition. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 1003–1014 (2021). (PMID: 337304548189692) Haynes, B. F. et al. Strategies for HIV-1 vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 23, 142–158 (2023). (PMID: 35962033) Tseng, A., Seet, J. & Phillips, E. J. The evolution of three decades of antiretroviral therapy: challenges, triumphs and the promise of the future. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 79, 182–194 (2015). (PMID: 247306604309625) Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies. Lancet HIV 4, e349–e356 (2017). Group, T. A. S. et al. A trial of early antiretrovirals and isoniazid preventive therapy in Africa. N. Engl. J. Med. 373, 808–822 (2015). Group, I. S. S. et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 373, 795–807 (2015). DHHS Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/default/files/guidelines/documents/adult-adolescent-arv/guidelines-adult-adolescent-arv.pdf (2022). World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: recommendations for a public health approach. WHO https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593 (2021). Ryom, L. et al. Major revision version 11.0 of the European AIDS clinical society guidelines 2021. HIV Med. 23, 849–858 (2022). (PMID: 353385499545286) Saag, M. S. et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2020 recommendations of the international antiviral society-USA panel. JAMA 324, 1651–1669 (2020). (PMID: 33052386) Boulware, D. R. et al. Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 370, 2487–2498 (2014). (PMID: 249635684127879) Devereux, H. L., Youle, M., Johnson, M. A. & Loveday, C. Rapid decline in detectability of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations after stopping therapy. AIDS 13, F123–F127 (1999). (PMID: 10630517) Paton, N. I. et al. Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir or darunavir in combination with lamivudine plus either zidovudine or tenofovir for second-line treatment of HIV infection (NADIA): week 96 results from a prospective, multicentre, open-label, factorial, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV 9, e381–e393 (2022). (PMID: 35460601) Mulenga, L. et al. Dolutegravir with recycled NRTIs is noninferior to PI-based ART: VISEND trial [abstract 135]. Conf. Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. https://www.croiconference.org/abstract/dolutegravir-with-recycled-nrtis-is-noninferior-to-pi-based-art-visend-trial/ (2022). Emu, B. et al. Phase 3 study of ibalizumab for multidrug-resistant HIV-1. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 645–654 (2018). (PMID: 30110589) Kozal, M. et al. Fostemsavir in adults with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 1232–1243 (2020). (PMID: 32212519) Segal-Maurer, S. et al. Capsid inhibition with lenacapavir in multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 1793–1803 (2022). (PMID: 35544387) Marzolini, C., Gibbons, S., Khoo, S. & Back, D. Cobicistat versus ritonavir boosting and differences in the drug-drug interaction profiles with co-medications. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 71, 1755–1758 (2016). (PMID: 26945713) Clay, P. G. et al. A meta-analysis comparing 48-week treatment outcomes of single and multi-tablet antiretroviral regimens for the treatment of people living with HIV. AIDS Res. Ther. 15, 17 (2018). (PMID: 303736206206661) Orkin, C. et al. Long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine for treatment in adults with HIV-1 infection: 96-week results of the randomised, open-label, phase 3 FLAIR study. Lancet HIV 8, e185–e196 (2021). (PMID: 33794181) Overton, E. T. et al. Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 2 months in adults with HIV-1 infection (ATLAS-2M), 48-week results: a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study. Lancet 396, 1994–2005 (2021). (PMID: 33308425) Singh, K. P. et al. HIV-hepatitis B virus coinfection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. AIDS 31, 2035–2052 (2017). (PMID: 28692539) Zash, R., Makhema, J. & Shapiro, R. L. Neural-tube defects with dolutegravir treatment from the time of conception. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 979–981 (2018). (PMID: 300372976550482) Woodward, C. L. et al. Tenofovir-associated renal and bone toxicity. HIV Med. 10, 482–487 (2009). (PMID: 19459988) Grant, P. M. & Cotter, A. G. Tenofovir and bone health. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 11, 326–332 (2016). (PMID: 268596374844450) Ray, A. S., Fordyce, M. W. & Hitchcock, M. J. Tenofovir alafenamide: a novel prodrug of tenofovir for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus. Antivir. Res. 125, 63–70 (2016). (PMID: 26640223) DeJesus, E. et al. Superior efficacy and improved renal and bone safety after switching from a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate- to a tenofovir alafenamide-based regimen through 96 weeks of treatment. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 34, 337–342 (2018). (PMID: 29368537) Hogg, R. S. Understanding the HIV care continuum. Lancet HIV 5, e269–e270 (2018). (PMID: 29893238) Deeks, S. G. HIV infection, inflammation, immunosenescence, and aging. Annu. Rev. Med. 62, 141–155 (2011). (PMID: 210909613759035) Brunet, L. et al. Switch from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in people living with HIV: lipid changes and statin underutilization. Clin. Drug Investig. 41, 955–965 (2021). (PMID: 345465338556204) Mallon, P. W. G. et al. Lipid changes after switch from TDF to TAF in the OPERA cohort: LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 9, ofab621 (2022). (PMID: 35028335) Arendt, G., de Nocker, D., von Giesen, H. J. & Nolting, T. Neuropsychiatric side effects of efavirenz therapy. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. 6, 147–154 (2007). (PMID: 17367260) Hoffmann, C. et al. Higher rates of neuropsychiatric adverse events leading to dolutegravir discontinuation in women and older patients. HIV Med. 18, 56–63 (2017). (PMID: 27860104) Hoffmann, C. & Llibre, J. M. Neuropsychiatric adverse events with dolutegravir and other integrase strand transfer inhibitors. AIDS Rev. 21, 4–10 (2019). (PMID: 30899113) O’Halloran, J. A. et al. Altered neuropsychological performance and reduced brain volumetrics in people living with HIV on integrase strand transfer inhibitors. AIDS 33, 1477–1483 (2019). (PMID: 31008801) Hill, A. M., Mitchell, N., Hughes, S. & Pozniak, A. L. Risks of cardiovascular or central nervous system adverse events and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, for dolutegravir versus other antiretrovirals: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 13, 102–111 (2018). (PMID: 29278532) D:A:D Study Group. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 22, F17–F24 (2008). Elion, R. A. et al. Recent abacavir use increases risk of type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarctions among adults with HIV. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 78, 62–72 (2018). (PMID: 294195685889316) Ryom, L. et al. Cardiovascular disease and use of contemporary protease inhibitors: the D:A:D international prospective multicohort study. Lancet HIV 5, e291–e300 (2018). (PMID: 29731407) Neesgaard, B. et al. Associations between integrase strand-transfer inhibitors and cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: a multicentre prospective study from the RESPOND cohort consortium. Lancet HIV 9, e474–e485 (2022). (PMID: 35688166) Sax, P. E. et al. Weight gain following initiation of antiretroviral therapy: risk factors in randomized comparative clinical trials. Clin. Infect. Dis. 71, 1379–1389 (2019). (PMID: 7486849) Bourgi, K. et al. Greater weight gain in treatment naive persons starting dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 70, 1267–1274 (2019). (PMID: 8205610) Kerchberger, A. M. et al. Weight gain associated with integrase stand transfer inhibitor use in women. Clin. Infect. Dis. 71, 593–600 (2019). (PMID: 7384314) Norwood, J. et al. Brief report: weight gain in persons with HIV switched from efavirenz-based to integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based regimens. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 76, 527–531 (2017). (PMID: 288259435680113) Eckard, A. R. & McComsey, G. A. Weight gain and integrase inhibitors. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 33, 10–19 (2020). (PMID: 317896937433018) US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04636437 (2023). US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04442737 (2023). Cohen, M. S. et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 493–505 (2011). (PMID: 217671033200068) Graham, S. M. et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy leads to a rapid decline in cervical and vaginal HIV-1 shedding. AIDS 21, 501–507 (2007). (PMID: 17301569) Vernazza, P. L. et al. Potent antiretroviral treatment of HIV-infection results in suppression of the seminal shedding of HIV. The Swiss HIV cohort study. AIDS 14, 117–121 (2000). (PMID: 10708281) Rodger, A. J. et al. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet 393, 2428–2438 (2019). (PMID: 310562936584382) Marcelin, A. G. et al. Detection of HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma samples from treated patients with undetectable HIV-1 RNA in blood plasma. AIDS 22, 1677–1679 (2008). (PMID: 18670231) Politch, J. A. et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy does not completely suppress HIV in semen of sexually active HIV-infected men who have sex with men. AIDS 26, 1535–1543 (2012). (PMID: 22441253) Bor, J. et al. Changing knowledge and attitudes towards HIV treatment-as-prevention and “undetectable = untransmittable”: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 25, 4209–4224 (2021). (PMID: 340364598147591) Davey, R. T. Jr. et al. HIV-1 and T cell dynamics after interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with a history of sustained viral suppression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 15109–15114 (1999). (PMID: 1061134624781) Frescura, L. et al. Achieving the 95 95 95 targets for all: a pathway to ending AIDS. PLoS ONE 17, e0272405 (2022). (PMID: 359259439352102) World Health Organization. The role of HIV viral suppression in improving individual health and reducing transmission: policy brief. WHO https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/360860/9789240055179-eng.pdf (2023). Etemad, B., Esmaeilzadeh, E. & Li, J. Z. Learning from the exceptions: HIV remission in post-treatment controllers. Front. Immunol. 10, 1749 (2019). (PMID: 313962376668499) Hutter, G. et al. Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 692–698 (2009). (PMID: 19213682) Dybul, M. et al. The case for an HIV cure and how to get there. Lancet HIV 8, e51–e58 (2021). (PMID: 33271124) Deeks, S. G. et al. Research priorities for an HIV cure: international AIDS society global scientific strategy 2021. Nat. Med. 27, 2085–2098 (2021). (PMID: 34848888) International HIV/AIDS Alliance. Quality of life for people living with HIV: what is it, why does it matter, and how can we make it happen? International HIV/AIDS Alliance https://frontlineaids.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/quality_of_life_briefing_final_original.pdf (2018). Deeks, S. et al. HIV infection. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 1, 15035 (2015). (PMID: 27188527) Lazarus, J. V. et al. Consensus statement on the role of health systems in advancing the long-term well-being of people living with HIV. Nat. Commun. 12, 4450 (2021). (PMID: 342723998285468) Lazarus, J. V. et al. Beyond viral suppression of HIV - the new quality of life frontier. BMC Med. 14, 94 (2016). (PMID: 273346064916540) Degroote, S., Vogelaers, D. & Vandijck, D. M. What determines health-related quality of life among people living with HIV: an updated review of the literature. Arch. Public Health 72, 40 (2014). (PMID: 256711124323115) UNAIDS. Global partnership for action to eliminate all forms of HIV-related stigma and discrimination. UNAIDS https://investment-book.unaids.org/sites/default/files/Global%20Partnership%20for%20Action%20to%20Eliminate%20All%20Forms%20of%20HIV-related%20Stigma%20and%20Discrimination%20Proposal.pdf (2018). Andersson, G. Z. et al. Stigma reduction interventions in people living with HIV to improve health-related quality of life. Lancet HIV 7, e129–e140 (2020). (PMID: 31776098) Chapman Lambert, C. et al. HIV-related stigma, depression, and social support are associated with health-related quality of life among patients newly entering HIV care. AIDS Care 32, 681–688 (2019). (PMID: 311675376893118) Pantelic, M., Boyes, M., Cluver, L. & Meinck, F. HIV, violence, blame and shame: pathways of risk to internalized HIV stigma among South African adolescents living with HIV: pathways. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 20, 21771 (2017). (PMID: 288535175577824) Pantelic, M., Sprague, L. & Stangl, A. L. It’s not “all in your head”: critical knowledge gaps on internalized HIV stigma and a call for integrating social and structural conceptualizations. BMC Infect. Dis. 19, 210 (2019). (PMID: 308326136399894) Katz, I. T. et al. Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 16, 18640 (2013). (PMID: 242422583833107) Ferguson, L. et al. Frameworks and measures for HIV-related internalized stigma, stigma and discrimination in healthcare and in laws and policies: a systematic review. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 25, e25915 (2022). (PMID: 358188669274352) Rueda, S. et al. Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS: a series of meta-analyses. BMJ Open 6, e011453 (2006). Sabin, C. A. & Reiss, P. Epidemiology of ageing with HIV: what can we learn from cohorts? AIDS 31, S121–S128 (2017). (PMID: 28471942) Costagliola, D. Demographics of HIV and aging. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 9, 294–301 (2014). (PMID: 24824889) Guaraldi, G. et al. Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53, 1120–1126 (2011). (PMID: 21998278) Maciel, R. A., Klück, H. M., Durand, M. & Sprinz, E. Comorbidity is more common and occurs earlier in persons living with HIV than in HIV-uninfected matched controls, aged 50 years and older: a cross-sectional study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 70, 30–35 (2018). (PMID: 29476902) Rodriguez-Penney, A. T. et al. Co-morbidities in persons infected with HIV: increased burden with older age and negative effects on health-related quality of life. AIDS Patient Care STDS 27, 5–16 (2013). (PMID: 233052573545369) Sutton, S. S. et al. Chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporotic fractures in patients with and without HIV in the US veteran’s affairs administration system. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 35, 117–125 (2019). (PMID: 30378450) Wang, Y. et al. Global prevalence and burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a meta-analysis. Neurology 95, E2610–E2621 (2020). (PMID: 32887786) Maitre, T. et al. Increasing burden of noninfectious lung disease in persons living with HIV: a 7-year study using the French nationwide hospital administrative database. Eur. Respir. J. 52, 1800359 (2018). (PMID: 30139778) World Health Organization. Global health sector strategies on, respectively, HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections for the period 2022–2030. WHO https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240053779 (2022). UNAIDS. End Inequalities. End AIDS. Global AIDS strategy 2021–2026. UNAIDS https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/PCBSS_Global_AIDS_Strategy_2021--2026_EN.pdf (2021). Kall, M., Marcellin, F., Harding, R., Lazarus, J. V. & Carrieri, P. Patient-reported outcomes to enhance person-centred HIV care. Lancet HIV 7, e59–e68 (2020). (PMID: 31776101) Lazarus, J. V., Van Hout, M. C., Fuster-Ruizdeapodaca, M. J., Brown, G. & Guaraldi, G. A call for health systems to monitor the health-related quality of life of people living with HIV. HIV Med 24, 107–110 (2022). (PMID: 36418018) Burgui, C. et al. Patient satisfaction with HIV care service in Spain: results from a cross-sectional patient survey. AIDS Care 35, 892–898 (2022). (PMID: 35102807) Haute Autorité de Santé. Quality of care as perceived by patients – PROMs and PREMs indicators. Haute Autorité de Santé https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3324079/en/quality-of-care-as-perceived-by-patients-proms-and-prems-indicators (2022). Emuren, L. et al. Lower health-related quality of life predicts all-cause hospitalization among HIV-infected individuals. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 16, 107 (2018). (PMID: 298483325977458) Matic, S., Lazarus, J. V. & Donoghoe, M. C. HIV/AIDS in Europe: moving from death sentence to chronic disease management. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 14, 147 (2006). Bekker, L. G. et al. Advancing global health and strengthening the HIV response in the era of the sustainable development goals: the International AIDS Society–Lancet Commission. Lancet 392, 312–358 (2018). (PMID: 300329756323648) Bor, J., Herbst, A. J., Newell, M. L. & Bärnighausen, T. Increases in adult life expectancy in rural South Africa: valuing the scale-up of HIV treatment. Science 339, 961–965 (2013). (PMID: 23430655) Alexander, S. Humanimmunodeficiency virus diagnostic testing: 30 years of evolution. Clin. Vaccin. Immunol. 23, 249–253 (2016). Hemelaar et al. WHO–UNAIDS network for HIV isolation characterisation. global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 19, 143–155 (2019). (PMID: 30509777) Bertagnolio S. et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in people living with HIV hospitalized with COVID19: findings from the WHO Global Clinical Platform [abstract 2498]. IAS 2021 (2021). Western Cape Department of Health in collaboration with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa. Risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in a population cohort study from the Western cape province, South Africa. Clin. Infect. Dis. 73, e2005–e2015 (2021). Rinella, M. E. et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.003 (2023). |
| معلومات مُعتمدة: | UM1 AI164560 United States AI NIAID NIH HHS |
| تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20230817 Date Completed: 20230821 Latest Revision: 20230927 |
| رمز التحديث: | 20240628 |
| DOI: | 10.1038/s41572-023-00452-3 |
| PMID: | 37591865 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
Find this article in full text from Springer Verlag. 
Full Text Finder | تدمد: | 2056-676X |
|---|---|
| DOI: | 10.1038/s41572-023-00452-3 |