دورية أكاديمية
Unit size influences ad libitum intake in a snacking context via eating rate.
| العنوان: | Unit size influences ad libitum intake in a snacking context via eating rate. |
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| المؤلفون: | Harper MM; Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, USA., Cunningham PM; Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, USA., Forde CG; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, the Netherlands., Hayes JE; Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, USA. Electronic address: jeh40@psu.edu. |
| المصدر: | Appetite [Appetite] 2024 Jun 01; Vol. 197, pp. 107300. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Mar 08. |
| نوع المنشور: | Randomized Controlled Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| اللغة: | English |
| بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8006808 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-8304 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01956663 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Appetite Subsets: MEDLINE |
| أسماء مطبوعة: | Original Publication: London, New York, Academic Press. |
| مواضيع طبية MeSH: | Eating* , Snacks*, Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Cross-Over Studies ; Energy Intake |
| مستخلص: | Geometric and textural properties of food, like unit size, have previously been shown to influence energy intake. While mechanism(s) driving this effect are unclear, unit size may relate to intake by affecting eating microstructure (e.g., eating rate, bite size). In a randomized crossover study, we investigated relationships between unit size, eating microstructure, and intake. Adults (n = 75, 75% women) consumed an ad libitum snack three times in our laboratory. This snack was a 70-g portion (∼2.5 servings) of one of three sizes of pretzel (small, medium, large). Intake was measured in grams by difference in weight before and after the snack. Each session was video recorded to measure eating microstructure; snack duration (min) and number of bites were annotated and used to calculate mean eating rate (g/min) and mean bite size (g/bite). Results revealed unit size influenced intake (grams and kcal; both p's ≤ 0.001), such that participants consumed 31% and 22% more of the large pretzels (16.9 ± 2.3 g) compared to the small (12.9 ± 2.3 g) and medium sizes (13.8 ± 2.3 g), respectively. Unit size also influenced eating rate and bite size (both p's < 0.001); the largest pretzel size yielded the fastest eating rate and largest mean bite size. Further analysis revealed that after accounting for eating microstructure, the effects of unit size on intake were no longer significant, suggesting eating microstructure was driving these effects. Together, these findings indicate that unit size influences intake by affecting eating microstructure and that food properties like unit size can be leveraged to moderate snack intake. Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Dr. Hayes has received speaker honoraria, consulting fees, and/or travel expenses from numerous organizations, including federal agencies, universities, nonprofit organizations, trade groups, and for-profit corporations, to present data on taste biology, flavor perception and consumer behavior. Dr. Hayes holds equity in Redolynt LLC, which he co-founded in 2021. The Penn State Sensory Evaluation Center routinely conducts product tests for industrial clients to facilitate experiential learning for undergraduate and graduate students. Dr. Hayes is the Director of this facility. None of these entities have had any role in the work presented here, including study design or interpretation, or the decision to publish these data. The remaining authors have indicated they have no financial relationships or other potential conflicts of interest to disclose. All findings and conclusions in this publication belong solely to the authors and should not be construed to represent any official U.S. Government determination, position, or policy. (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.) |
| تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20240310 Date Completed: 20240415 Latest Revision: 20240923 |
| رمز التحديث: | 20240923 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107300 |
| PMID: | 38462053 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
Full Text Finder | تدمد: | 1095-8304 |
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| DOI: | 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107300 |