دورية أكاديمية
أعرض في EDS

Poxviruses as Agents of Biological Warfare: The Importance of Ensuring Ethical Standards for Research with Viruses.

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: Poxviruses as Agents of Biological Warfare: The Importance of Ensuring Ethical Standards for Research with Viruses.
المؤلفون: Chakraborty P; Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India. cprasen8@gmail.com., Kumar R; Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India., Karn S; Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India., Raviya DD; Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur-Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India., Mondal P; Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
المصدر: Advances in experimental medicine and biology [Adv Exp Med Biol] 2024; Vol. 1451, pp. 399-412.
نوع المنشور: Journal Article; Review
اللغة: English
بيانات الدورية: Publisher: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0121103 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0065-2598 (Print) Linking ISSN: 00652598 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Adv Exp Med Biol Subsets: MEDLINE
أسماء مطبوعة: Publication: 1998- : New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Original Publication: New York, Plenum Press.
مواضيع طبية MeSH: Biological Warfare Agents*/ethics , Biological Warfare*/ethics, Humans ; Poxviridae/genetics ; Bioterrorism/ethics ; Bioterrorism/prevention & control ; Animals ; Smallpox/prevention & control ; Smallpox/virology ; Poxviridae Infections/virology ; Poxviridae Infections/prevention & control ; Biomedical Research/ethics
مستخلص: Historically, biological agents have been used to target various populations. One of the earliest examples could be the catastrophic effect of smallpox in Australia in the eighteenth century (as alleged by some historians). Modern biological techniques can be used to both create or provide protection against various agents of biological warfare. Any microorganism (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) or its toxins can be used as biological agents. Minnesota Department of Health has listed Smallpox (variola major) as a category A bioterrorism agent, even though it has been eradicated in 1980 through an extensive vaccination campaign. Category A agents are considered the highest risk to public health. Laboratory-associated outbreaks of poxviruses could cause unprecedented occupational hazards. Only two WHO-approved BSL-4 facilities in the United States and Russia are allowed to perform research on the variola virus. So, poxviruses present themselves as a classical case of a dual-use dilemma, since research with them can be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes. Although the importance of ethics in scientific research requires no further elaboration, ethical norms assume greater significance during experimentation with poxviruses. In this chapter, we will update the readers on the sensitive nature of conducting research with poxviruses, and how these viruses can be a source of potential biological weapons. Finally, specified ethical guidelines are explored to ensure safe research practices in virology.
(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
References: Albariño CG, Bird BH, Chakrabarti AK et al (2011) Reverse genetics generation of chimeric infectious Junin/Lassa virus is dependent on interaction of homologous glycoprotein stable signal peptide and G2 cytoplasmic domains. J Virol 85:112–122. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01837-10. (PMID: 10.1128/JVI.01837-1020980515)
Alibek K, Handelman S (1999) Biohazard: the chilling true story of the largest covert biological weapons program in the world, told from the inside by the man who ran it, 1st edn. Random House, New York.
Al-Tawfiq JA (2008) Therapeutic options for human brucellosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 6:109–120. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.6.1.109. (PMID: 10.1586/14787210.6.1.10918251668)
Anaya-Velázquez F (2002) Bioethics, bioweapons and the microbiologist. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 44:38–45. (PMID: 17061514)
Atlas RM, Reppy J (2005) Globalizing biosecurity. Biosecur Bioterror 3:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2005.3.51. (PMID: 10.1089/bsp.2005.3.5115853455)
Azad AF (2007) Pathogenic rickettsiae as bioterrorism agents. Clin Infect Dis 45(Suppl 1):S52-55. https://doi.org/10.1086/518147. (PMID: 10.1086/51814717582570)
Barquet N, Domingo P (1997) Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death. Ann Intern Med 127:635–642. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_part_1-199710150-00010. (PMID: 10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_part_1-199710150-000109341063)
Board on Life Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Committee on Science, Technology, and Law (2015) Potential risks and benefits of gain-of-function research: summary of a workshop. National Academies Press (US), Washington (DC).
Breman JG, Henderson DA (1998) Poxvirus dilemmas—monkeypox, smallpox, and biologic terrorism. N Engl J Med 339:556–559. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199808203390811. (PMID: 10.1056/NEJM1998082033908119709051)
Carus WS (2017) A short history of biological warfare: from pre-history to the 21st century. National Defense University Press, Washington, DC.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) Smallpox|CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/index.html . Accessed 4 Feb 2023.
Chakraborty P (2017) Construction & establishment of two minigenome rescue systems for Chandipura virus driven by recombinant vaccinia virus expressing T7 polymerase. Indian J Med Res 145:651–658. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_457_15. (PMID: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_457_15289489565644300)
Christopher GW, Cieslak TJ, Pavlin JA, Eitzen EM (1997) Biological warfare. A historical perspective. JAMA 278:412–417. (PMID: 10.1001/jama.1997.035500500740369244333)
Cook-Deegan RM, Berkelman R, Davidson EM et al (2005) Issues in biosecurity and biosafety. Science 308:1867–1868. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.308.5730.1867c. (PMID: 10.1126/science.308.5730.1867c15976287)
Damon IK (2011) Poxviruses. In: Versalovic J, Carroll KC, Funke G et al (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology, 1st edn. Wiley, pp 1647–1658. (PMID: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch105)
Damon IK, Knipe DM, Howley PM (2013) Poxviruses. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Enserink M (2002) Did bioweapons test cause a deadly smallpox outbreak? Science 296:2116–2117. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.296.5576.2116. (PMID: 10.1126/science.296.5576.211612077372)
Feng H, Wei D, Nan G et al (2011) Construction of a minigenome rescue system for Newcastle disease virus strain Italien. Arch Virol 156:611–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0898-3. (PMID: 10.1007/s00705-010-0898-321207083)
Fenn EA (2000) Biological warfare in eighteenth-century North America: beyond Jeffery Amherst. J Am Hist 86:1552–1580. (PMID: 10.2307/256757718271127)
Fenner F (ed) (1988) Smallpox and its eradication. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Fischer WA, Vetter P, Bausch DG et al (2018) Ebola virus disease: an update on post-exposure prophylaxis. Lancet Infect Dis 18:e183–e192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30677-1. (PMID: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30677-129153266)
Flora S, Pachauri V (2019) Handbook on biological warfare preparedness.
Frischknecht F (2003) The history of biological warfare. Human experimentation, modern nightmares and lone madmen in the twentieth century. EMBO Rep 4 Spec No:S47-52. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.embor849.
Garland B (2002) Bioethics and bioterrorism: the journal of philosophy. Sci Law 2:1–18. https://doi.org/10.5840/jpsl2002233. (PMID: 10.5840/jpsl2002233)
Ghanem A, Kern A, Conzelmann K-K (2012) Significantly improved rescue of rabies virus from cDNA plasmids. Eur J Cell Biol 91:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.01.008. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.01.00821397981)
Groseth A, Feldmann H, Theriault S et al (2005) RNA polymerase I-driven minigenome system for ebola viruses. J Virol 79:4425–4433. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.7.4425-4433.2005. (PMID: 10.1128/JVI.79.7.4425-4433.2005157674421061559)
Guillemin J (2017) Hidden atrocities: Japanese germ warfare and American obstruction of justice at the Tokyo trial. Columbia University Press, New York. (PMID: 10.7312/guil18352)
Haller SL, Peng C, McFadden G, Rothenburg S (2014) Poxviruses and the evolution of host range and virulence. Infect Genet Evol 21:15–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.014. (PMID: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.01424161410)
Harris S (1992) Japanese biological warfare research on humans: a case study of microbiology and ethics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 666:21–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38021.x. (PMID: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb38021.x1297279)
Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG et al (1999) Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working group on civilian biodefense. JAMA 281:2127–2137. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.22.2127. (PMID: 10.1001/jama.281.22.212710367824)
Huang Y, Mu L, Wang W (2022) Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Sig Transduct Target Ther 7:373. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01215-4. (PMID: 10.1038/s41392-022-01215-4)
Jernigan DB, Raghunathan PL, Bell BP et al (2002) Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0810.020353. (PMID: 10.3201/eid0810.020353123969092730292)
Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) (2013) Fields virology, 6th edn. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health, Philadelphia, PA.
Leitenberg M (2004) The problem of biological weapons. Stockholm.
Lewis-Jones S (2004) Zoonotic poxvirus infections in humans. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17:81–89. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200404000-00003. (PMID: 10.1097/00001432-200404000-0000315021045)
Lipsitz R, Garges S, Aurigemma R et al (2012) Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 18:e2. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1812.120638.
Manno M, Sito F, Licciardi L (2014) Ethics in biomonitoring for occupational health. Toxicol Lett 231:111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.004. (PMID: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.00425447455)
Martin J, Christopher G, Eitzen E (2007) History of biological weapons: from poisoned darts to intentional epidemics. Textbooks of military medicine medical aspects of biological warfare.
McFadden G (2005) Poxvirus tropism. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:201–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1099. (PMID: 10.1038/nrmicro1099157389484382915)
Meechan PJ, Potts J (2020) Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories.
Miller S, Selgelid MJ (2007) Ethical and philosophical consideration of the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences. Sci Eng Ethics 13:523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-007-9043-4. (PMID: 10.1007/s11948-007-9043-4180605187089176)
Mowatt-Larssen R (2010) Al Qaeda’s pursuit of weapons of mass destruction. In: Foreign policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/01/25/al-qaedas-pursuit-of-weapons-of-mass-destruction/ . Accessed 1 Apr 2023.
Pappas G, Panagopoulou P, Christou L, Akritidis N (2006) Brucella as a biological weapon. Cell Mol Life Sci 63:2229–2236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-006-6311-4. (PMID: 10.1007/s00018-006-6311-416964579)
Ranlet P (2000) The British, the Indians, and smallpox: what actually happened at Fort Pitt in 1763? Pa Hist 67:427–441. (PMID: 17216901)
Riedel S (2005) Smallpox and biological warfare: a disease revisited. Baylor Univ Med Center Proc 18:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928026. (PMID: 10.1080/08998280.2005.11928026)
Robertson AG, Robertson LJ (1995) From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history. Mil Med 160:369–373. (PMID: 10.1093/milmed/160.8.3698524458)
Rusnak JM, Kortepeter MG, Hawley RJ et al (2004) Risk of occupationally acquired illnesses from biological threat agents in unvaccinated laboratory workers. Biosecur Bioterror 2:281–293. https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2004.2.281. (PMID: 10.1089/bsp.2004.2.28115650438)
Shchelkunov SN (2013) An increasing danger of zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003756. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003756. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003756243397723855571)
Shchelkunov SN, Marennikova SS, Moyer RW (2005) Orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans. Springer, New York.
Singer JS (2005) The confederate dirty war: arson, bombings, assassination, and plots for chemical and germ attacks on the Union. McFarland & Co, Jefferson, NC.
Smith GL, McFadden G (2002) Smallpox: anything to declare? Nat Rev Immunol 2:521–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri845. (PMID: 10.1038/nri84512094226)
Solera J (2010) Update on brucellosis: therapeutic challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 36(Suppl 1):S18-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.015. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.01520692127)
Somerville MA, Atlas RM (2005) Ethics: a weapon to counter bioterrorism. Science 307:1881–1882. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109279. (PMID: 10.1126/science.110927915790831)
Török TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP et al (1997) A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA 278:389–395. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550050051033. (PMID: 10.1001/jama.1997.035500500510339244330)
Tucker JB (2002) Scourge: the once and future threat of smallpox, 1st Grove Press. Grove Press, New York.
United Nation secretary council resolution 1540 (2004) UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004)—UNODA. https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/sc1540/ . Accessed 1 Apr 2023.
Venkatesh S, Memish ZA (2003) Bioterrorism–a new challenge for public health. Int J Antimicrob Agents 21:200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00366-7. (PMID: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00366-712615387)
Williams M, Armstrong L, Sizemore DC (2023) Biologic, chemical, and radiation terrorism review. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL).
World Health Organisation Staff, World Health Organization (2004) Laboratory biosafety manual. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (2010) Responsible life sciences research for global health security: a guidance document. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (1980) The global eradication of smallpox: final report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Geneva, December 1979. World Health Organization ; Obtainable from WHO Publications Centre, Geneva: Albany, NY.
فهرسة مساهمة: Keywords: Biological weapons; Bioterrorism; Ethics; Poxvirus; Smallpox
المشرفين على المادة: 0 (Biological Warfare Agents)
تواريخ الأحداث: Date Created: 20240527 Date Completed: 20240527 Latest Revision: 20240531
رمز التحديث: 20240531
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_26
PMID: 38801593
قاعدة البيانات: MEDLINE
الوصف
تدمد:0065-2598
DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_26