دورية أكاديمية
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review.
| العنوان: | Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. |
|---|---|
| المؤلفون: | Qasim A; Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA., Jyala A; Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA., Shrivastava S; Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA., Allena N; Pulmonary Medicine, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA., Ghazanfar H; Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA., Bhatt V; Medicine and Surgery, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA., Ali HR; Medicine, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Miramar, USA., Vakde T; Pulmonary and Critical Care, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA., Patel H; Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA. |
| المصدر: | Cureus [Cureus] 2024 Jul 23; Vol. 16 (7), pp. e65204. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Jul 23 (Print Publication: 2024). |
| نوع المنشور: | Journal Article; Review |
| اللغة: | English |
| بيانات الدورية: | Publisher: Cureus, Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101596737 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2168-8184 (Print) Linking ISSN: 21688184 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cureus Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE |
| أسماء مطبوعة: | Original Publication: Palo Alto, CA : Cureus, Inc. |
| مستخلص: | Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined by abnormally dilated blood vessels and shunts within the lungs, leading to impaired oxygen exchange. This condition results from intricate interactions between the liver, the gastrointestinal system, and the lungs. This complex system primarily affects pulmonary endothelial, immunomodulatory, and respiratory epithelial cells. Consequently, this contributes to pathological pulmonary changes characteristic of HPS. A classification system based on the severity of oxygen deficiency has been proposed for grading the physiological dysfunction of HPS. Contrast-enhanced echocardiography is considered the primary radiological evaluation for identifying abnormal blood vessel dilations within the lungs, which, combined with an elevated alveolar-arterial gradient, is essential for making the diagnosis. Liver transplantation is the sole effective definitive treatment that can reverse the course of the condition. Despite often being symptomless, HPS carries a significant risk of mortality before transplantation, regardless of the severity of liver disease. Meanwhile, there is varying data regarding survival rates following liver transplantation. The adoption of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) standard exception policy has notably improved the results for individuals with HPS compared to the period before MELD was introduced. This review offers a summary of the present understanding, highlighting recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of HPS. Furthermore, it aims to augment comprehension of the condition's fundamental mechanisms through insights derived from experimental models and translational research. Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. (Copyright © 2024, Qasim et al.) |
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| فهرسة مساهمة: | Keywords: alveolar gas exchange; arterial blood gas; hepatopulmonary syndrome; model for end-stage liver disease (meld); review article |
| تواريخ الأحداث: | Date Created: 20240823 Latest Revision: 20240824 |
| رمز التحديث: | 20240826 |
| مُعرف محوري في PubMed: | PMC11340781 |
| DOI: | 10.7759/cureus.65204 |
| PMID: | 39176346 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | MEDLINE |
Full Text Finder | تدمد: | 2168-8184 |
|---|---|
| DOI: | 10.7759/cureus.65204 |