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Simple Summary: Monolepta is one of the largest groups in the subfamily Galerucinae, which has considerable ecological and economic significance. However, the lack of mitogenomic data for Monolepta limits our understanding of the taxonomy and phylogeny of this genus. Here, the completed mitogenomes of four Monolepta species were obtained using high-throughput sequencing technology. We compared the main features of newly sequenced mitogenomes, as well as the rate of evolution, base compositions, and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) of the mitogenomes among Monolepta species. Furthermore, combined with all available mitochondrial genomes and ND1 data, the relationships of the section "Monoletites" at the suprageneric and species levels were explored. The section "Monoleptites" was proved to be a monophyletic group, while Monolepta was a non-monophyletic group. This study supported that the characteristic of "antennal segment 2 equals 3" of the true "Monolepta" evolved multiple times in several subgroups. This study will provide the basal data for further study of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Galerucinae. Monolepta is one of the diverse genera in the subfamily Galerucinae, including 708 species and 6 sub-species worldwide. To explore the information on the mitogenome characteristics and phylogeny of the section "Monoleptites", especially the genus Monolepta, we obtained the newly completed mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of four Monolepta species using high-throughput sequencing technology. The lengths of these four new mitochondrial genomes are 16,672 bp, 16,965 bp, 16,012 bp, and 15,866 bp in size, respectively. All four mitochondrial genomes include 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and one control region, which is consistent with other Coleoptera. The results of the nonsynonymous with synonymous substitution rates showed that ND6 had the highest evolution rate, while COI displayed the lowest evolution rate. The substitution saturation of three datasets (13 PCGs_codon1, 13 PCGs_codon2, 13 PCGs_codon3) showed that there was no saturation across all datasets. Phylogenetic analyses based on three datasets (ND1, 15 genes of mitogenomes, and 13 PCGs_AA) were carried out using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. The results showed that mitogenomes had a greater capacity to resolve the main clades than the ND1 gene at the suprageneric and species levels. The section "Monoleptites" was proven to be a monophyletic group, while Monolepta was a non-monophyletic group. Based on ND1 data, the newly sequenced species whose antennal segment 2 was shorter than 3 were split into several clades, while, based on the mitogenomic dataset, the four newly sequenced species had close relationships with Paleosepharia. The species whose antennal segment 2 was as long as 3 were split into two clades, which indicated that the characteristic of "antennal segment 2 as long as 3" of the true "Monolepta" evolved multiple times in several subgroups. Therefore, to explore the relationships among the true Monolepta, the most important thing is to perform a thorough revision of Monolepta and related genera in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
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