| Abstract (English): |
Throughout human history, lies and slander have been used to manipulate others. While these methods spread rumors in the past through word of mouth, today, with technological developments, the dissemination channels have diversified. Rumor has been replaced by fake news. Fake news also spreads rapidly through the internet and social media. When conventional media (television, newspapers, radio, etc.) were widespread, two segments produced and consumed news. With the widespread use of the internet and the establishment of social media platforms, every news consumer using new media has become a producer and distributor. With this change, there has been an increase in the production and dissemination of fake news. The realization of this rapid increase in fake news and systematic research on this issue by different disciplines took place after two events in 2016. In the 2016 presidential election of Donald Trump and the Brexit referendum, the problem became the center of research attention due to the widespread use of fake news and its effects on elections. As a result of these developments, Collins Dictionary chose fake news as the word of the year due to the 365% increase in its use in daily life in 2016 compared to the previous year. For this reason, fake news has become an important research topic in many fields, such as computer engineering, journalism, international relations, and psychology. Social psychology also investigates the psychological mechanisms that influence the spread of fake news. Social psychology presents two approaches through its research on the spread of fake news. These are the identity motivation approach and the cognitive processes approach. Many studies have been conducted using both approaches, and different results have been obtained. In most identity motivation approach studies, the phenomenon of motivated reasoning is at the center. Accordingly, the social identities of individuals play a dominant role in their thinking, decisionmaking and related behaviors. This situation affects people's belief in fake news. In other words, people approach fake news by filtering the elements essential in defining themselves. For this reason, people tend to believe in fake news that they find close to their views, while they are skeptical about those who oppose them. This shows that fake news that supports people's views spreads faster. Secondly, the cognitive processes approach explains in terms of people's thinking styles. According to this approach, people don’t take the time or investigate the source. If they approach the issue with a Type 1 way of thinking, the rate of believing fake news increases, and as a result, the spread at which news spreads increases. According to this, Type 1 of the mind's processing processes is more of an automatic and unconscious way of thinking. Understanding simple sentences, determining which of two objects is farther away, and orienting to the source of a sudden sound are automatic responses to Type 1 thinking. Type 2 is a conscious, analytical and high-effort thinking style. According to this approach, people don’t take the time, they don’t investigate the source. If they approach the isssue with a Type 1 way of thinking, the rate of believing fake news increases, and as a result, the spread at wich news spreads increases. However, if they take the time, think analytically, investigate the source and approach the issue with a Type 2 mindset, their belief in fake news and its spread will decrease. Social psychology studies the spread of fake news under these two approaches. The fake news in the history of hadith is the fabricated hadiths attributed to the Prophet even though they do not belong to him. The events of sedition that began with the martyrdom of Prophet 'Uthman led to the formation of groupings among the Companions and the formation of different sects and opinions. Mawzū hadiths emerged as a result of these groupings. Each group fabricated hadiths in favor of itself and against the other group. Many hadith were fabricated not just for political reasons but also for personal interests. So why did fabricated hadiths spread and even continue to have an impact until today? No independent study has been identified on why fabricated hadiths spread among the people. However, it was found that some information was included between the lines in the studies on mawzū hadiths. In these studies, the spread of mawzū hadiths is explained with reasons such as trust in the transmitter/ source, the inadequacy of the people's knowledge of hadith, sectarian prejudice, being written on calligraphy plates, and finding the content interesting. Ibn Khaldūn, however, examined the problem regarding lying in the history of science. While explaining the reasons for the admixture of lies in history, he states that supporting a sect or idea may lead to accepting news in favor of that group. This is similar to the explanation of the identity motivation approach of social psychology. Again, the segment of people who take the news into their works without researching and whom he calls the followers of taqlid are the ones who are involved in lying-in history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Abstract (Turkish): |
Sahte haberler, teknolojinin gelişimi, internetin kolay ulaşılabilirliği ve sosyal medyanın aktif kullanımıyla son zamanlarda yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Bu yaygınlıkları farklı alanların dikkatini çekmiş ve sahte haberler çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmuştur. Modern dönemin sahte haberlerinin bir benzeri hadis tarihinde de mevcuttur. Bunlar, söylemediği halde Hz. Peygamber’e atfedilen mevzû hadislerdir. Mevzû hadisler, siyasî, şahsî ve itikâdî gibi pek çok farklı nedenle üretilmiş, yaygınlık kazanmış ve etkileri günümüze değin devam etmiştir. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak internette yayılan sahte haberlerin gündeme geliş süreci ve etkilerinin boyutu ele alınmıştır. Sonrasında sosyal psikolojinin sahte haberler konusundaki araştırmaları incelenmiştir. Mevzû hadislerin ortaya çıkışı ve önemine değinildikten sonra İslam alimlerinin mevzû hadisin yayılımına dair açıklamaları tespit edilmiş ve bu bilgiler sosyal psikoloji verileriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma, “Sahte haberin yayılımı konusunda sosyal psikolojinin açıklamaları, mevzû hadislerin yayılımını anlamada bir perspektif sunabilir mi?” sorusunu tartışmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda sosyal psikolojinin yaklaşımlarına benzer açıklamaların İslam alimleri tarafından da dile getirildiği tespit edilmiştir. Fakat bu açıklamalar sistemli ve müstakil çalışmalarla ele alınmamıştır. Sosyal psikoloji de sahte haber konusunda yaptığı araştırmalarla benzer sonuçlara varmıştır. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
