| الوصف: |
Waste generated during exploration, development, and production of oil and gas fields are required to be disposed in a responsible and environmentally friendly manner. Over the years, environmental regulations governing the disposal of such waste have tightened and each day regulatory agencies are demanding more stringent policies, especially for remote and environmentally sensitive areas. Waste Injection (WI) has been proven over the past decade to be the safest and most efficient technology for final disposal of waste materials such as produced water, drill cuttings, spent drilling and completion fluids, scale waste, NORM, produced sand, production and well cleanup waste. This cost-effective technology complies with the strict environmental guidelines, such as the ones governing zero-discharge environments. More regulatory agencies are gradually recognizing WI as a robust solution to safe and assured final disposal of waste generated in upstream and downstream sectors of the oil industry. WI has evolved from a simple pumping operation, with lack of sub-surface understanding, to an assured process that has integrated the knowledge from all areas of the operation: engineering design, equipment and operational parameters, monitoring, and quality control-quality assurance. This continuous assessment guarantees a cyclic process that identifies potential risks at early stages, and allows proper management and mitigation to prolong the life and integrity of the operation. This paper presents the unique and technically challenging injection monitoring and pressure interpretation experience attained in different WI projects worldwide, where the in-depth interpretation of fracture behavior helped as a risk-prevention tool with mitigation options applied to operational parameter well specifics. The continuous monitoring of injection data and parameters assists in developing a well history and a prediction mechanism for well storage capacity, extending the life of the injector and maximizing efficiency for the development of the field. |
