Brain Gangliosides and Their Functions as Natural Adaptogens
| العنوان: | Brain Gangliosides and Their Functions as Natural Adaptogens |
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| المؤلفون: | N. F. Avrova |
| المصدر: | Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 51:245-255 |
| بيانات النشر: | Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2021. |
| سنة النشر: | 2021 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | 0301 basic medicine, biology, Chemistry, Kinase, General Neuroscience, Vertebrate, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, Biochemistry, Trk receptor, biology.animal, Membrane fluidity, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Receptor, Protein kinase B, Lipid raft, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Protein kinase C |
| الوصف: | This review uses gangliosides as an example to characterize various aspects of studies of vertebrate brain lipids directed by Academician E. M. Kreps and continued by his colleagues. Brain gangliosides (like phospholipids) from cold-water stenothermal bony fish species have been shown to be characterized by a higher content of mono- and polyene fatty acids than the analogous brain lipids of warm-blooded stenothermal bony fish species. Changes in the fatty acid composition of fish brain lipids on adaptation to life in cold water (or at greater depth) are directed to maintaining the optimum level of brain cell membrane fluidity and microheterogeneity. Cluster analysis of data on the composition and structure of the carbohydrate component of brain gangliosides from different classes of ectothermal vertebrates were used to construct a dendrogram. This dendrogram was found to be similar to the evolutionary tree corresponding to the classical taxonomy of vertebrates. It is suggested that changes in the molecular organization of gangliosides during the process of evolution in vertebrates contributed to brain differentiation and increases in the complexity of its functions during phylogenetic development. The main gangliosides of the mammalian brain (GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b) protect neurons and PC12 cells from the actions of excitatory amino acids, hydrogen peroxide, and amyloid β peptide, their protective effects depending on activation of tyrosine kinase Trk receptors and downstream protein kinases (Akt, ERK1/2, protein kinase C). Another defensive mechanism uses gangliosides GM1 and GD1a against the toxic actions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This appears to be linked with changes in the composition of lipid rafts in the plasma membrane of nerve cells due to the inclusion of exogenous gangliosides, which leads to blockade of the translocation of TLR4 LPS receptors within them. Experiments using the Morris water test demonstrated the ability of gangliosides administered to rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus to prevent impairments to spatial memory. This was the first use of intranasal administration of gangliosides and its high efficacy was demonstrated. |
| تدمد: | 1573-899X 0097-0549 |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::19ccef0e4b38a74179166ff9fa2e8042 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-021-01063-9 |
| حقوق: | CLOSED |
| رقم الأكسشن: | edsair.doi...........19ccef0e4b38a74179166ff9fa2e8042 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
Find this article in full text from Springer Verlag. | تدمد: | 1573899X 00970549 |
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