We investigate the finite-time adaptive control issue for a class of nonlinear systems with quantized input signals and unknown time delays in this paper. In the control design process, the nonlinear terms are approximated by the fuzzy logic systems. A hysteretic quantizer is introduced to avoid chattering in the quantized signals, and the fuzzy state observer is constructed to estimate the unmeasurable states of the system. In order to propose the finite-time control strategy, firstly, a semi-global practical finite-time stability criterion is given. On this basis, a fuzzy adaptive controller is designed by combining the dynamic surface control technology with backstepping method. The controller can not only ensure that the observer and tracking error converge to a small neighborhood of the origin in a finite time, but also keep all the signals in the closed-loop system bounded. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the control method are verified by two simulation examples.