This chapter provides an introduction to deep learning-based systems for object detection and their applications in medical image analysis. First, common deep learning architectures for image detection are briefly explained, including scanning-based methods and end-to-end detection systems. Some considerations about the training scheme and loss functions are also included. Then, an overview of relevant publications in anatomical and pathological structure detection and landmark detection using convolutional neural networks is provided. Finally, some concluding remarks and future directions are presented.
