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The goal of the proposed study is to investigate the relative impact of anecdotal and statistical evidence regarding the safety of COVID-19 vaccination on COVID-19 vaccine-related intentions. The proposed study will present participants with varying pieces of information: 1) base-rate statistics regarding the safety of vaccination; 2) two videos depicting negative personal experiences following COVID-19 vaccination; and 3) two or more videos depicting positive personal experiences following COVID-19 vaccination. The proposed study employs a between-subjects experimental design in which 360 participants, ages 18-25, will be randomly assigned to one of six groups: 1) Group I participants will receive a fact sheet regarding COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccine safety, and a base rate informational video regarding the safety of COVID-19 vaccination. 2) Group II participants will receive the same fact sheet and base-rate informational video described above; in addition, Group II participants will also view two brief videos of individuals describing their negative experiences with COVID-19 vaccination. 3) Group III participants will receive the same fact sheet, base-rate informational video, and two ‘negative’ videos described above; in addition, Group III participants will also view two videos depicting individuals having positive experiences after COVID-19 vaccination. 4) Group IV participants will receive the same fact sheet, base-rate informational video, and two ‘negative’ videos described above; in addition, Group IV participants will view six videos depicting positive experiences after COVID-19 vaccination (note that two of the six ‘positive’ videos will be identical to the ‘positive’ videos shown to Group III participants). 5) Group V participants will receive the same fact sheet, base-rate informational video, and two ‘negative’ videos described above; in addition, Group V participants will view ten videos depicting positive experiences after COVID-19 vaccination (note that six of the ten ‘positive’ videos will be identical to the ‘positive’ videos shown to participants in Group IV). 6) Group VI participants will view two ‘negative’ videos described above; in addition, Group VI participants will view six videos depicting positive experiences after COVID-19 vaccination (note that the six ‘positive’ videos will be identical to the ‘positive’ videos shown to participants in Group V). Within each group, the order of presentation of negative videos will be randomized, and the order of presentation of positive videos will also be randomized. Note: Negative videos will always be presented before the positive videos. After viewing the videos, participants will report their likelihood of encouraging an unvaccinated (or partially vaccinated) relative (or close friend) to talk with a healthcare provider about getting an initial COVID-19 vaccine or booster vaccine. Participants will also report how worried they would feel about their unvaccinated (or partially vaccinated) relative (or close friend) developing a severe reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine if they decide to get vaccinated. After completing the above assessments, participants will complete the following questionnaires: COVID-19 Vaccine and COVID-19 History Questionnaire; Adult Vaccine Hesitancy Survey; Beliefs and Attitudes about COVID-19; Knowledge, attitude, practices, and concerns regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. One-half of the participants will complete the study protocol in-person in the PI's Lab. The remaining half of the participants will complete the protocol remotely in a quiet location of their choosing, such as their home or at the university. All the participants will complete the protocol via Qualtrics. Two hypotheses and six predictions will be tested. Hypothesis 1: When evaluating the safety of a vaccine, reliance on base rate information decreases after individuals are exposed to a small number of anecdotal reports describing rare adverse vaccine reactions. Predictions: 1a) Individuals who read base rate safety information, watch an associated video depicting base rate safety information regarding COVID-19 vaccination, and also watch two brief videos depicting severe but rare vaccine reactions, will be LESS WILLING to encourage an unvaccinated relative or friend to speak with a healthcare provider about getting vaccinated compared to individuals who only read base rate safety information. 1b) Individuals who read base rate safety information regarding COVID-19 vaccination, watch an associated video depicting base rate safety information regarding COVID-19, and also watch two brief videos depicting severe but rare vaccine reactions will be LESS LIKELY to encourage an unvaccinated relative or friend to speak with a healthcare provider about getting vaccinated compared to individuals who only read base rate safety information. 1c) Individuals who read base rate information, watch an associated video depicting base rate safety information regarding COVID-19 vaccination, and also watch two brief videos depicting severe but rare vaccine reactions WILL WORRY MORE about an unvaccinated relative or friend experiencing severe vaccine reactions to the COVID-19 vaccine compared to individuals who only read base rate safety information. Hypothesis 2: When evaluating vaccine safety, reliance on base rate information increases after individuals are exposed to many anecdotal reports describing positive vaccine experiences and a smaller number of anecdotal reports describing severe but rare adverse vaccine experiences. Predictions: 2a) Individuals who read base rate information, watch a video presenting base rate safety information regarding COVID-19 vaccination, watch two videos depicting severe but rare vaccine reactions, and also watch six or more videos depicting positive vaccine reactions, will be MORE WILLING to encourage an unvaccinated relative or friend to speak with a healthcare provider about getting vaccinated compared to individuals who watch fewer ‘positive’ vaccine videos. 2b) Individuals who read base rate information regarding COVID-19 vaccine safety, watch an associated video depicting base rate safety information regarding COVID-19 vaccination, watch two videos depicting severe but rare vaccine reactions, and also watch six or more videos depicting positive vaccine reactions, will be MORE LIKELY to encourage an unvaccinated relative or friend to speak with a healthcare provider about getting vaccinated compared to individuals who watch fewer ‘positive’ vaccine videos. 2c) Individuals who read base rate information regarding COVID-19 vaccine safety, watch an associated video depicting base rate safety information regarding COVID-19 vaccination, watch two videos depicting severe but rare vaccine reactions and also watch six or more videos depicting positive vaccine reactions WILL WORRY LESS about an unvaccinated relative or friend experiencing severe vaccine reactions to the COVID-19 vaccine compared to individuals who watch fewer ‘positive’ vaccine videos. Note: Stimulus Check: Prior to conducting the proposed research, the 13 videos (1 base rate, 2 negative, and 10 positive) will be evaluated for their level of emotional content (both negative and positive). A sample of 60 participants will view the base rate video, 2 negative videos, 10 positive videos, and then respond to six questions assessing the participant's emotional reaction to each video (e.g., level of sadness elicited by each video). The level of emotional reactivity elicited by the base rate video, the set of negative videos, and the set of positive videos will be compared. |
