Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses
| العنوان: | Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses |
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| المؤلفون: | Victor Gonzalez, Wout De Nolf, Sine Larsen, Juan Reyes-Herrera, Elouan Mouro, Steven De Meyer, Nati Salvadó, Koen Janssens, Frederik Vanmeert, Marine Cotte, Kim Ryholt, Thomas Christiansen, Kell Mortensen, Poul Erik Lindelof |
| المساهمون: | Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. AMPC - Anàlisi de materials de Patrimoni Cultural, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Antwerp (UA), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), IT University of Copenhagen |
| المصدر: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA ', vol: 117, pages: 27825-27835 (2020) UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, National Academy of Sciences, 2020, pp.202004534. ⟨10.1073/pnas.2004534117⟩ Christiansen, T, Cotte, M, de Nolf, W, Mouro, E, Reyes-Herrera, J, de Meyer, S, Vanmeert, F, Lindelof, P E, Salvadó, N, Mortensen, K, Ryholt, K, Janssens, K & Larsen, S 2020, ' Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses ', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 117, no. 45, pp. 27825–27835 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004534117 |
| سنة النشر: | 2020 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Inks, Tinta, Social Sciences, Infrared spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_element, Synchrotron-based, Papir (Planta), engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Pigment, inks, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, 0601 history and archaeology, Sulfate, microanalyses, Microanalyses, Ancient Egypt, ancient Egypt, Multidisciplinary, 060102 archaeology, Chemistry, Papyrus, Sincrotrons, 010401 analytical chemistry, 06 humanities and the arts, Hematite, Papyrus (The plant), Enginyeria química::Indústries químiques::Colorants, pintures i vernissos [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], synchrotron-based, Sulfur, 0104 chemical sciences, Anthropology, visual_art, Physical Sciences, visual_art.visual_art_medium, engineering, Ink, papyri, Papyri, Lead compound, Carbon, Engineering sciences. Technology, Synchrotrons, Nuclear chemistry |
| الوصف: | Significance Ink, invented in ancient Egypt circa 5,000 y ago, is the established and time-honored medium wherewith humankind commits words to writing. A comprehensive synchrotron-based microanalysis of a considerable corpus of ancient Egyptian papyri from the Roman period, inscribed with red and black inks, reveal a hitherto undetected complex composition of inks. Highlighted by the presence of iron, the red color can be attributed to the use of ocher. Unexpectedly, lead is regularly present in both the red and black inks and is associated to phosphate, sulfate, chloride, and carboxylate ions. The analysis shows that lead was probably used as a drier rather than as a pigment, similar to its usage in 15th century Europe during the development of oil paintings. A hitherto unknown composition is highlighted in the red and black inks preserved on ancient Egyptian papyri from the Roman period (circa 100 to 200 CE). Synchrotron-based macro–X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping brings to light the presence of iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) compounds in the majority of the red inks inscribed on 12 papyrus fragments from the Tebtunis temple library. The iron-based compounds in the inks can be assigned to ocher, notably due to the colocalization of Fe with aluminum, and the detection of hematite (Fe2O3) by micro–X-ray diffraction. Using the same techniques together with micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Pb is shown to be associated with fatty acid phosphate, sulfate, chloride, and carboxylate ions. Moreover, micro-XRF maps reveal a peculiar distribution and colocalization of Pb, phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), which are present at the micrometric scale resembling diffused “coffee rings” surrounding the ocher particles imbedded in the red letters, and at the submicrometric scale concentrated in the papyrus cell walls. A similar Pb, P, and S composition was found in three black inks, suggesting that the same lead components were employed in the manufacture of carbon-based inks. Bearing in mind that pigments such as red lead (Pb3O4) and lead white (hydrocerussite [Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2] and/or cerussite [PbCO3]) were not detected, the results presented here suggest that the lead compound in the ink was used as a drier rather than as a pigment. Accordingly, the study calls for a reassessment of the composition of lead-based components in ancient Mediterranean pigments. |
| وصف الملف: | application/pdf |
| اللغة: | English |
| تدمد: | 0027-8424 1091-6490 |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::13ae2a3e4165199b60ab9ec67affba0f https://hdl.handle.net/10067/1743230151162165141 |
| حقوق: | OPEN |
| رقم الأكسشن: | edsair.doi.dedup.....13ae2a3e4165199b60ab9ec67affba0f |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 00278424 10916490 |
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