Assessment of ecological hazards and environmental fate of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds
| العنوان: | Assessment of ecological hazards and environmental fate of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds |
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| المؤلفون: | Katherine Clark Schmid, Carolyn Huynh, Nathan Pechacek, Paul C. DeLeo, Mala Pattanayek |
| المصدر: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| سنة النشر: | 2020 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | PNEC, predicted no effect concentration, Aquatic Organisms, MITI, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan, Biosolids, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Disinfectant, OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 0211 other engineering and technologies, TEST, Toxicity Estimation Software Tool, U.S. EPA, Aquatic ecotoxicity, 02 engineering and technology, Wastewater treatment, SARS-CoV, SARS-associated coronavirus, 010501 environmental sciences, Wastewater, Ecotoxicology, 01 natural sciences, FFDCA, Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, PEC, predicted environmental concentration, Suspended solids, Ecology, ASTER, Assessment Tool for Evaluating Risk, U.S. EPA, ADBAC, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, General Medicine, EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Pollution, CASRN, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number, Biodegradation, Environmental, NICNAS, National Industrial Chemical Notification and Assessment Scheme, Australia, DDAC, dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, Biodegradation, Sewage treatment, Quats, quaternary ammonium compounds, FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration, ECHA, European Chemicals Agency, Portable water purification, Risk Assessment, Article, Water Purification, Animals, Humans, COVID-19, 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, FIFRA, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, Effluent, Pandemics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, QSAR, quantitative structure activity relationship, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, DTDMAC, ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, SARS-CoV-2, ecoTTC, ecotoxicological threshold of toxicological concern, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, MOA, mode of action, COVID-19, RED, Reregistration Eligibility Decision, BPR, Biocidal Products Regulation, Europe, HESI, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, PBT, persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Environmental science, BAC, benzalkonium chloride, Ecotoxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Disinfectants |
| الوصف: | Disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats) have diverse uses in a variety of consumer and commercial products, particularly cleaning products. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, they have become a primary tool to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus on surfaces. Disinfectant Quats have very low vapor pressure, and following the use phase of the products in which they are found, disposal is typically “down-the-drain” to wastewater treatment systems. Consequently, the potential for the greatest environmental effect is to the aquatic environment, from treated effluent, and potentially to soils, which might be amended with wastewater biosolids. Among the earliest used and still common disinfectant Quats are the alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) compounds and the dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) compounds. They are cationic surfactants often found in consumer and commercial surface cleaners. Because of their biocidal properties, disinfectant Quats are heavily regulated for human and environmental safety around the world. Consequently, there is a robust database of information regarding the ecological hazards and environmental fate of ADBAC and DDAC; however, some of the data presented are from unpublished studies that have been submitted to and reviewed by regulatory agencies (i.e., EPA and European Chemicals Agency) to support antimicrobial product registration. We summarize the available environmental fate data and the acute and chronic aquatic ecotoxicity data for freshwater species, including algae, invertebrates, fish, and plants using peer-reviewed literature and unpublished data submitted to and summarized by regulatory agencies. The lower limit of the range of the ecotoxicity data for disinfectant Quats tends to be lower than that for other surface active agents, such as nonionic or anionic surfactants. However, ecotoxicity is mitigated by environmental fate characteristics, the data for which we also summarize, including high biodegradability and a strong tendency to sorb to wastewater biosolids, sediment, and soil. As a result, disinfectant Quats are largely removed during wastewater treatment, and those residues discharged in treated effluent are likely to rapidly bind to suspended solids or sediments, thus mitigating their toxicity. Highlights • Robust databases exist for environmental toxicity and fate of ADBAC and DDAC. • Ecotoxicity of ADBAC and DDAC is greater than that for other surface active agents. • ADBAC/DDAC are removed during wastewater treatment by biodegradation and sorption. • The ecotoxicity of DDAC and ADBAC is mitigated by environmental fate characteristics. |
| تدمد: | 1090-2414 |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::1f9ed2ec3a45399229e797dfd2066e53 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32890921 |
| حقوق: | OPEN |
| رقم الأكسشن: | edsair.doi.dedup.....1f9ed2ec3a45399229e797dfd2066e53 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 10902414 |
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