Staurodiscus tetrastaurus Haeckel 1879
| العنوان: | Staurodiscus tetrastaurus Haeckel 1879 |
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| المؤلفون: | Schuchert, Peter, Collins, Richard |
| بيانات النشر: | Zenodo, 2021. |
| سنة النشر: | 2021 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hebellidae, Animalia, Biodiversity, Leptothecata, Staurodiscus tetrastaurus, Staurodiscus, Taxonomy |
| الوصف: | Staurodiscus tetrastaurus Haeckel, 1879 Figs 32 A-D Staurodiscus tetrastaurus Haeckel, 1879: 145, pl. 9 figs 1-3. – Mayer, 1910: 214, pl. 22 figs 7-8, pl. 25 fig. 5, pl. 26 figs 10-11. – Uchida, 1927b: 167. – Menon, 1932: 14, pl. 2 figs 14, 19. – Nair, 1951: 60. – Kramp, 1959a: 140, fig. 165. – Kramp, 1961: 148. – Kramp, 1962: 321. – Kramp, 1968: 70, fig. 182. – Migotto & Andrade, 2000: table 6. Staurodiscus heterosceles Haeckel, 1879: 146. syn. nov. Examined material: BFLA3831; 1 specimen; 15-NOV- 2018; size 7 mm; preserved in ethanol for DNA extraction; 16S sequence MW528662. – BFLA4406; 1 specimen; 26-MAY-2020; size 8 mm; preserved in ethanol for DNA extraction; 16S sequence MW528722. – BFLA4433; 1 specimen; 30-MAY-2020; size 5 mm; preserved in ethanol for DNA extraction; 16S sequence identical MW528722. – BFLA4440; 1 specimen; 07-MAY-2020; size 10 mm; preserved in ethanol for DNA extraction; 16S sequence identical to MW528662. – BFLA4444; 1 specimen; 07-MAY-2020; size 15 mm; part preserved in formalin and deposited as UF-014059, small part preserved in ethanol for DNA extraction; 16S sequence identical to MW528662. – 11-DEC-2017; 1 specimen photographed; juvenile, gonads not yet developed, not collected. Observations: Bell hemispherical, 8 to 15 mm when mature, apical jelly about 1/3 of total height. Manubrium composed of central, cylindrical part and four basal, perradial extensions each with two lateral outgrowths in about middle of bell. Central part of manubrium tubular, with cruciform mouth opening drawn into four lips, margin slightly undulated. Basal, perradial extensions of stomach reaching almost to circular canal and thus length of radial canals to circular canal is short (1/4); stomach outgrowths relatively thick, giving off lateral diverticula in about the middle, these paired outgrowths opposite or not, oblique to radial axis or slightly curved, towards ends somewhat irregularly folded or undulating, not connecting to circular canal. Gonads in walls of stomach outgrowths. Mature animals with 23-30 tentacles and 1-3 cordyli between each pair of tentacles. Young animal with four perradial tentacles only and 7-9 cordyli per quadrant (Fig. 32A). Tentacles with conical bulbs. Small, inconspicuous ocelli present on adaxial side of tentacles bulbs and attachment sites of cordyli (Fig. 32F). Animal colourless or with greenish tint. Amphipods appear often to associate with the medusa (Fig. 32). 16S Data: The five obtained 16S sequences represented 2 haplotypes differing only one position (an insertion/ deletion). In the maximum likelihood tree (Fig. 28) they are well separated from the other Staurodiscus species and also Melicertissa of this study. It is part of a well supported clade comprising the Staurodiscus species of this study and some Hebellidae. Distribution: Canary Islands, Florida, Caribbean Sea, coast of Mozambique, coasts of India, Singapore, Taiwan Strait, Bismarck Sea (Kramp, 1959a, 1968; Bouillon 1978a, 1984b; Navas-Pereira & Vannuci, 1991; Zhang, 1999; Segura-Puertas et al., 2003). Type locality: Atlantic Ocean, Canary Islands, near Lanzarote. Remarks: Haeckel (1879) introduced two nominal Staurodiscus species, S. tetrastaurus and S. heterosceles, both collected at the same time and near Lanzarote Island. The former had 8-16 tentacles, 48 cordyli, and a bell diameter of 4-6 mm, the latter 8-32 tentacles, 40-80 cordyli, and a bell diameter of 6-8 mm [note that the figures in Kramp (1959a, 1968) depict a juvenile S. tetrastaurus with four tentacles, compare Fig. 32A]. Additionally, Haeckel distinguished both nominal species based on the branching pattern of the radial canals (= actually basal extensions of the manubrium, comp. Fig. 32A, E, G): S. tetrastaurus has opposite pairs, while they were not opposite in S. heterosceles. Haeckel (1879) also observed intermediate forms and explicitly expressed doubts that they are “ bona species ”, but nevertheless named both forms [Haeckel used an artificial, typological species concept and did not distinguish biological species, comp. comments in Haeckel, 1879: XXV, 109]. Kramp (1962, 1968) too thought that both names refer likely to the same species. One of our specimen (BFLA3831) was also intermediate as it had the size and tentacle numbers of S. heterosceles, but the outgrowths of the stomach had opposite sidebranches (Fig. 32E). Others (Fig. 32G) had a variable branching pattern. The observed juvenile specimen (Fig. 32A) had three opposite and one alternate pairs of side-branches. It is thus quite clear that S. tetrastaurus and S. heterosceles must be regarded as conspecific, S. tetrastaurus being the valid name. Medusae identified as Staurodiscus heterosceles have – to our knowledge – not been recorded anymore since Haeckel’s time. Andrade & Migotto (1997) reared the initial stages of medusae released from a hydroid referable to Hebella scandens (Bale, 1888) and found that they resembled our S. tetrastaurus. Our 16S phylogeny (Fig. 28) also suggests a more close relationship to Hebellidae than to Laodiceidae. Staurodiscus tetrastaurus is the type species of the genus, thus decisive to which family the genus belongs. Published as part of Schuchert, Peter & Collins, Richard, 2021, Hydromedusae observed during night dives in the Gulf Stream, pp. 237-356 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 128 (2) on pages 287-288, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0049, http://zenodo.org/record/5639938 {"references":["Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: I-XX, 1 - 360, 20 pls.","Mayer A. G. 1910. Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae, Vols. I & II. Scyphomedusae, Vol III. Carnegie Institution, Washington, pp. 735, plates 1 - 76.","Uchida T. 1927 b. Description of a new Leptomedusa, Staurodiscoides gotoi. Japanese Journal of Zoology 1 (5): 165 - 168.","Menon M. G. K. 1932. The Hydromedusae of Madras. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, new series, Natural History Section 3 (2): 1 - 32, pls 1 - 3.","Nair K. K. 1951. Medusae of the Trivandrum Coast. Part I. Systematics. Bulletin of the Research Institute of the University of Travancore 20 (1): 47 - 75, pl. 1.","Kramp P. L. 1959 a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283.","Kramp P. L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K. 40: 1 - 469.","Kramp P. L. 1962. Medusae of Vietnam. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn 124: 305 - 366.","Kramp P. L. 1968. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report 72: 1 - 200.","Migotto A. E., De Andrade L. P. 2000. The life cycle of Hebella furax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa): a link between a lafoeid hydroid and a laodiceid medusa. Journal of natural History 34 (10): 1871 - 1888.","Bouillon J. 1978 a. Hydromeduses de l'Archipel des Sechelles et du Mozambique. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 92 (1): 117 - 172.","Bouillon J. 1984 b. Hydromeduses de la Mer de Bismarck (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee). Partie IV: Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa - Cnidaria). Indo-Malayan Zoology 1 (1): 25 - 112.","Zhang J. 1999. Hydromedusae and Siphonophora in western waters of Taiwan Island during winter and spring. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait 18 (1): 76 - 82.","Segura-Puertas L., Suarez Morales E., Celis L. 2003. A checklist of the medusae (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Cubozoa) of Mexico. Zootaxa 194: 1 - 15.","Andrade L., Migotto A. 1997. Is there a link between Hebella Hydroids (Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae) and Staurodiscus medusae (Hydrozoa, Laodiceidae)? Resumos expandidos do VII COLACMAR Congresso Latino-Americano sobre Ciencias do Mar, I: 35 - 36.","Bale W. M. 1888. On some new and rare Hydroida in the Australian Museum collections. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales ser. 2 volume 3: 745 - 799, pls 12 - 21."]} |
| DOI: | 10.5281/zenodo.5710620 |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::2d614f235becc0ffad0a603ddd6f160b |
| حقوق: | OPEN |
| رقم الأكسشن: | edsair.doi.dedup.....2d614f235becc0ffad0a603ddd6f160b |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| DOI: | 10.5281/zenodo.5710620 |
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