Additional file 1. Table S1: Aerosol data for AuNPs, AgNPs, and AuNP + AgNP co-exposure (From Table 1 of Kim et al. [3]). Figure S1: FE-TEM analysis for AgNPs, AuNPs, and AgNP + AuNP co-exposure in chambers [3; A, image of single AgNP (scale 20 nm); B, EDS result for single AgNP; C, image of single AuNP (scale 20 nm); D, EDS result for single AuNP; E, image of AgNP + AuNP co-exposure (scale 100 nm); F, EDS result for AgNP + AuNP co-exposure. Figure S2: Particle distribution in exposure chambers based on DMAS and FE-TEM [3]; (A), CMD and GSD using DMAS during exposure period; (B), Particle diameter using DMAS; (C), CMD and GSD for AgNPs using FE-TEM; (D), CMD and GSD for AuNPs using FE-TEM; (E) CMD and GSD for AgNP + AuNP co-exposure using FE-TEM. Table S2: Lung burden of AuNPs, AgNPs and AuNsP + AgNPs co-exposure (ng/lung). Figure S3: Au retention after 28-day inhalation exposure and post-exposure period. Figure S4: Ag retention after 28-day inhalation exposure and post-exposure period. Figure S5: Schematic of exposure system for generating AuNPs, AgNPs, and AuNP + AgNP co-exposure for nose only exposure chambers [3]