Using constructed wetlands, produced waters from oil fields (i.e., waters that have been in contact with oil in situ) can be treated to enhance water quality for irrigation purposes, or subsequent discharge to receiving aquatic systems. In produced water containing elevated levels of salt (i.e., brackish-produced waters), the ability to decrease the conductivity of the produced water may influence potential reuse of the water for irrigation purposes. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine the efficacy of a pilot-scale hybrid reverse osmosis (RO)-constructed wetland system for treatment and reuse of produced waters from an oil field, and (2) to assess the quality of treated water in terms of physicochemical characteristics and toxicity influencing reuse of the water for irrigation or other designated uses. Specifically, the performance of the hybrid treatment system was examined in terms of outflow water conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and toxicity using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas in 7-day static/renewal exposure tests. Prior to treatment, significant mortality was observed for C. dubia and P. promelas exposed for 7 days to 6.25% untreated produced water. Following treatment through the hybrid system, no significant mortality was observed in C. dubia or P. promelas exposed to 100% treated produced water when compared to the control organisms. The pilot-scale RO-constructed wetland system effectively decreased conductivity by 95% and TDS by 94% in the brackish produced water tested in this study. Following treatment, the produced water was suitable for irrigation or discharge to surface waters. Therefore, hybrid RO-constructed wetland treatment systems present a viable alternative for treatment and reuse of produced waters from oil fields.
