Computer-Controlled Virtual Humans in Patient-Facing Systems: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
| العنوان: | Computer-Controlled Virtual Humans in Patient-Facing Systems: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
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| المؤلفون: | Pamela Martyn-Nemeth, Hasti Sharifi, Debaleena Chattopadhyay, Tengteng Ma |
| المصدر: | Journal of Medical Internet Research, Vol 22, Iss 7, p e18839 (2020) Journal of Medical Internet Research |
| بيانات النشر: | JMIR Publications, 2020. |
| سنة النشر: | 2020 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | 020205 medical informatics, Patients, patient-facing systems, Applied psychology, Population, Psychological intervention, Health Informatics, 02 engineering and technology, Review, computer.software_genre, virtual humans, lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Chatbot, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Nonverbal communication, User-Computer Interface, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Dialog system, education, digital interlocutors, conversational agents, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, education.field_of_study, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, avatars, chatbot, lcsh:RA1-1270, meta-analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Meta-analysis, Personal computer, lcsh:R858-859.7, Psychology, computer |
| الوصف: | Background Virtual humans (VH) are computer-generated characters that appear humanlike and simulate face-to-face conversations using verbal and nonverbal cues. Unlike formless conversational agents, like smart speakers or chatbots, VH bring together the capabilities of both a conversational agent and an interactive avatar (computer-represented digital characters). Although their use in patient-facing systems has garnered substantial interest, it is unknown to what extent VH are effective in health applications. Objective The purpose of this review was to examine the effectiveness of VH in patient-facing systems. The design and implementation characteristics of these systems were also examined. Methods Electronic bibliographic databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles with relevant key terms. Studies were included in the systematic review if they designed or evaluated VH in patient-facing systems. Of the included studies, studies that used a randomized controlled trial to evaluate VH were included in the meta-analysis; they were then summarized using the PICOTS framework (population, intervention, comparison group, outcomes, time frame, setting). Summary effect sizes, using random-effects models, were calculated, and the risk of bias was assessed. Results Among the 8,125 unique records identified, 53 articles describing 33 unique systems, were qualitatively, systematically reviewed. Two distinct design categories emerged — simple VH and VH augmented with health sensors and trackers. Of the 53 articles, 16 (26 studies) with 44 primary and 22 secondary outcomes were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of the 44 primary outcome measures revealed a significant difference between intervention and control conditions, favoring the VH intervention (SMD = .166, 95% CI .039-.292, P=.012), but with evidence of some heterogeneity, I2=49.3%. There were more cross-sectional (k=15) than longitudinal studies (k=11). The intervention was delivered using a personal computer in most studies (k=18), followed by a tablet (k=4), mobile kiosk (k=2), head-mounted display (k=1), and a desktop computer in a community center (k=1). Conclusions We offer evidence for the efficacy of VH in patient-facing systems. Considering that studies included different population and outcome types, more focused analysis is needed in the future. Future studies also need to identify what features of virtual human interventions contribute toward their effectiveness. |
| اللغة: | English |
| تدمد: | 1438-8871 |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::66d463fc5e0307780f19f4437e3ecc76 http://www.jmir.org/2020/7/e18839/ |
| حقوق: | OPEN |
| رقم الأكسشن: | edsair.doi.dedup.....66d463fc5e0307780f19f4437e3ecc76 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 14388871 |
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