Sequential delivery of host-induced virulence effectors by appressoria and intracellular hyphae of the phytopathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum
| العنوان: | Sequential delivery of host-induced virulence effectors by appressoria and intracellular hyphae of the phytopathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum |
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| المؤلفون: | Jochen, Kleemann, Linda J, Rincon-Rivera, Hiroyuki, Takahara, Ulla, Neumann, E, Ver Loren van Themaat, Emiel Ver Loren, van Themaat, H Charlotte, van der Does, Stéphane, Hacquard, Kurt, Stüber, Isa, Will, Wolfgang, Schmalenbach, Elmon, Schmelzer, Richard J, O'Connell |
| المصدر: | PLoS Pathogens |
| سنة النشر: | 2011 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Virulence Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Arabidopsis, Colletotrichum, Hyphae, Plant Science, Plant Pathology, Transcriptome, Biology, Plant Diseases, Research Article |
| الوصف: | Phytopathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate their hosts for effective colonization. Hemibiotrophic fungi must maintain host viability during initial biotrophic growth and elicit host death for subsequent necrotrophic growth. To identify effectors mediating these opposing processes, we deeply sequenced the transcriptome of Colletotrichum higginsianum infecting Arabidopsis. Most effector genes are host-induced and expressed in consecutive waves associated with pathogenic transitions, indicating distinct effector suites are deployed at each stage. Using fluorescent protein tagging and transmission electron microscopy-immunogold labelling, we found effectors localised to stage-specific compartments at the host-pathogen interface. In particular, we show effectors are focally secreted from appressorial penetration pores before host invasion, revealing new levels of functional complexity for this fungal organ. Furthermore, we demonstrate that antagonistic effectors either induce or suppress plant cell death. Based on these results we conclude that hemibiotrophy in Colletotrichum is orchestrated through the coordinated expression of antagonistic effectors supporting either cell viability or cell death. Author Summary Many fungal plant pathogens undergo a series of developmental and morphological transitions required for successful host invasion. For example, Colletotrichum higginsianum, a pathogen of cruciferous plants, employs a two-stage infection strategy called ‘hemibiotrophy’: after specialized penetration organs (appressoria) breach the host cuticle and cell wall, the fungus initially produces bulbous primary hyphae inside living epidermal cells (‘biotrophy’), before entering a destructive phase in which host tissues are killed and macerated by filamentous secondary hyphae (‘necrotrophy’). Here we investigated the role of secreted effector proteins in mediating hemibiotrophy and their delivery at fungal-plant interfaces. We found expression of many effector genes is plant-induced and distinct sets of effectors are deployed in successive waves by particular fungal cell-types. Early-expressed effector proteins are focally secreted from appressorial penetration pores and may function to suppress early plant defense responses, which we found to be activated before fungal entry. We also show that later-expressed effectors accumulate in structures formed at the interface between primary hyphae and living host cells, implicating these hyphae in effector delivery. Our findings indicate new functions for fungal infection structures and suggest a model for how this fungus switches from biotrophy to necrotrophy. |
| تدمد: | 1553-7374 |
| URL الوصول: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=pmid________::2600ae47042acc6c488d5af4ce5705f2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22496661 |
| حقوق: | OPEN |
| رقم الأكسشن: | edsair.pmid..........2600ae47042acc6c488d5af4ce5705f2 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 15537374 |
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