We present a method to systematically identify and classify quantum optical non-classical resources based on the computational power they generate in a bosonic quantum computer. To achieve this, we establish a one-to-one correspondence between arbitrary continuous variable states in a multimode Hilbert space and single photons occupying each a single mode, which are used to define a bosonic quantum computer. Starting from a classical state in a representation that explicitly respects particle number super-selection rules, we apply universal gates to create arbitrary superposition of states with the same total particle number. The non-classicality of these states can then be directly related to the computational power they induce in the quantum computer. We also provide a correspondence between the adopted representation and the more conventional one in quantum optics, where superpositions of Fock states describe quantum optical states, and we identify how mode entanglement can lead to quantum advantage. In addition, our work contributes to establish a seamless transition from continuous to discrete properties of quantum optics while laying the grounds for a description of non-classicality and quantum computational advantage that is applicable to spin systems as well.
