Background:. Debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) is a surgical treatment for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). DAIR is a desirable treatment option from an economic and patient perspective, if successful. The aim of this observational study was to compare the rates of success, defined as no additional reoperations due to PJI, between DAIR with exchange of modular components and DAIR without exchange in patients who had first-time PJI after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods:. Patients with PJI at the site of a primary THA who were treated with DAIR in Sweden between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2016, were identified in the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register. Supplementary questionnaires were sent to orthopaedic departments for additional variables of interest related to PJI. The primary end point was another reoperation due to PJI within 2 years after the first-time DAIR. DAIR with exchange was compared with DAIR without exchange using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis. Results:. A total of 575 patients treated with DAIR for a first-time PJI at the site of a primary THA were analyzed; 364 underwent component exchange and 211 did not. The exchange of components was associated with a lower rate of reoperations due to PJI after DAIR (28.0%) compared with non-exchange (44.1%). The Kaplan-Meier implant survival estimate for exchange was 71.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 66.9% to 76.3%) compared with 55.5% (95% CI = 49.1% to 62.7%) for non-exchange. With the analysis adjusted for confounders, DAIR with exchange was associated with a significantly decreased risk of another reoperation due to PJI compared with non-exchange (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.51 [95% CI = 0.38 to 0.68]). Conclusions:. In patients with a first-time PJI at the site of a primary THA, DAIR with exchange of modular components was superior to non-exchange DAIR. Surgeons should strive to exchange components when they perform DAIR, but there is a need to further identify how DAIR best should be practiced and which patients benefit from it. Level of Evidence:. Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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