دورية أكاديمية
A Standardized Method for Experimental Human Approach Trials on Wild Wolves
| العنوان: | A Standardized Method for Experimental Human Approach Trials on Wild Wolves |
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| المؤلفون: | Ane Eriksen, Erik Versluijs, Boris Fuchs, Barbara Zimmermann, Petter Wabakken, Andrés Ordiz, Peter Sunde, Camilla Wikenros, Håkan Sand, Benjamin Gillich, Frank Michler, Kristoffer Nordli, David Carricondo-Sanchez, Lucrezia Gorini, Siegfried Rieger |
| المصدر: | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol 10 (2022) |
| بيانات النشر: | Frontiers Media S.A., 2022. |
| سنة النشر: | 2022 |
| المجموعة: | LCC:Evolution LCC:Ecology |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | carnivores, Canis lupus, changepoint analysis, field experiments, flight initiation distance (FID), upper control limit (UCL), Evolution, QH359-425, Ecology, QH540-549.5 |
| الوصف: | As wolves recolonize areas of Europe ranging from moderate to high anthropogenic impact, fear of wolves is a recurring source of conflict. Shared tools for evaluating wolf responses to humans, and comparing such responses across their range, can be valuable. Experiments in which humans approach wild wolves can increase our understanding of how wolves respond to humans, facilitating human-wolf coexistence. We have developed the first standardized protocol for evaluating wolf responses to approaching humans using high-resolution GPS data, and tested it on wild wolves. We present a field protocol for experimentally approaching GPS-collared wolves, a descriptive comparison of two statistical methods for detecting a measurable flight response, a tutorial for identifying wolf flight initiation and resettling positions, and an evaluation of the method when reducing GPS positioning frequency. The field protocol, a data collection form, and the tutorial with R code for extracting flight parameters are provided. This protocol will facilitate studies of wolf responses to approaching humans, applicable at a local, national, and international level. Data compiled in a standardized way from multiple study areas can be used to quantify the variation in wolf responses to humans within and between populations, and in relation to predictors such as social status, landscape factors, or human population density, and to establish a baseline distribution of wolf response patterns given a number of known predictors. The variation in wolf responses can be used to assess the degree to which results can be generalized to areas where GPS studies are not feasible, e.g., for predicting the range of likely wolf behaviors, assessing the likelihood of wolf-human encounters, and complementing existing tools for evaluating reports of bold wolves. Showing how wolves respond to human encounters should help demystify the behavior of wild wolves toward humans in their shared habitat. |
| نوع الوثيقة: | article |
| وصف الملف: | electronic resource |
| اللغة: | English |
| تدمد: | 2296-701X |
| Relation: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.793307/full; https://doaj.org/toc/2296-701X |
| DOI: | 10.3389/fevo.2022.793307 |
| URL الوصول: | https://doaj.org/article/7314473727f24550ba0cc49c477e7773 |
| رقم الأكسشن: | edsdoj.7314473727f24550ba0cc49c477e7773 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | Directory of Open Access Journals |
Full Text Finder | تدمد: | 2296701X |
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| DOI: | 10.3389/fevo.2022.793307 |