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Quantification of Neonicotinoid Pesticides in Six Cultivable Fish Species from the River Owena in Nigeria and a Template for Food Safety Assessment

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: Quantification of Neonicotinoid Pesticides in Six Cultivable Fish Species from the River Owena in Nigeria and a Template for Food Safety Assessment
المؤلفون: Ayodeji O. Adegun, Thompson A. Akinnifesi, Isaac A. Ololade, Rosa Busquets, Peter S. Hooda, Philip C.W. Cheung, Adeniyi K. Aseperi, James Barker
المصدر: Water, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 2422 (2020)
بيانات النشر: MDPI AG, 2020.
سنة النشر: 2020
المجموعة: LCC:Hydraulic engineering
LCC:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes
مصطلحات موضوعية: Owena River fish, neonicotinoids, QuEChERS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Hydraulic engineering, TC1-978, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, TD201-500
الوصف: The Owena River Basin in Nigeria is an area of agricultural importance for the production of cocoa. To optimise crop yield, the cocoa trees require spraying with neonicotinoid insecticides (Imidacloprid, Thiacloprid Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam). It is proposed that rainwater runoff from the treated area may pollute the Owena River and that these pesticides may thereby enter the human food chain via six species of fish (Clariasgariepinus, Clariasanguillaris, Sarotherodongalilaeus, Parachannaobscura, Oreochromisniloticus and Gymnarchusniloticus) which are cultured in the river mostly for local consumption. This work aims to establish a working method to quantify the likely levels of the insecticides in the six species of fish, firstly by undertaking a laboratory-based study employing the QuEChERS method to extract the four neonicotinoids from fish purchased in marketplace in the UK, spiked with known quantities of the pesticide and using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) as the detection method; secondly, by using these samples to optimise the detection method for very low levels of pesticides, then applying the optimised techniques to the analysis of three of each six species of fish taken from the Owena River. A significant benefit of this combined technique is that only small samples of fish are required. Success with this part of the study showed that very low concentrations of the insecticides could be detected in fish muscle. The third aim is to apply a simple quantitative risk assessment model using the data sets obtained, together with information about daily diet, human body weight and recommended safety limits of pesticides in food to illustrate how human health may be affected by the consumption of these fish. The multiple determinations of neonicotinoids in edible fishes in Nigeria are pioneer research and fill a gap in addressing the relationship between waterborne pesticides and food quality in the country. Fundamentally, this work is an exercise to demonstrate the applicability of the aforementioned instrumental method of analysis to fish muscle, which requires only a small sample size of fish; a large number of fish is not required for a proof of concept, in this case. Although not a monitoring programme for the whole Owena River Basin ecosystem per se, this work successfully demonstrates the technical feasibility of a system of chemical analysis and establishes the foundation for ecological surveys in the immediate future. Parameters involving exposures to xenobiotics in ecotoxicological modelling can now be expressed in terms of both mass and molar concentrations of a chemical in animal tissues if so desired.
نوع الوثيقة: article
وصف الملف: electronic resource
اللغة: English
تدمد: 2073-4441
Relation: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/9/2422; https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441
DOI: 10.3390/w12092422
URL الوصول: https://doaj.org/article/93f01d87de4f4e5d8ae47a0ff40d8e21
رقم الأكسشن: edsdoj.93f01d87de4f4e5d8ae47a0ff40d8e21
قاعدة البيانات: Directory of Open Access Journals
الوصف
تدمد:20734441
DOI:10.3390/w12092422