PFAS – how can Swedish wastewater treatment plants meet the challenge? Compilation of knowledge and guidance for water/wastewater actors regarding PFAS
| العنوان: | PFAS – how can Swedish wastewater treatment plants meet the challenge? Compilation of knowledge and guidance for water/wastewater actors regarding PFAS |
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| المؤلفون: | Baresel, Christian, Karlsson, Linus, Malovanyy, Andriy, Thorsén, Gunnar, Goicoechea Feldtmann, Melissa, Holmquist, Hanna, Pütz, Kerstin, Dalahmeh, Sahar, Ahrens, Lutz |
| المصدر: | B-rapport. |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | PFAS, Wastewater |
| الوصف: | Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are everywhere around us in society, found in commercial and industrial products, the atmosphere, waste, water (waste, surface, drinking, and ground), soil, plants, animals, and even in our bodies. The use and spread of PFAS is a global societal challenge, affecting even the most remote places on Earth. One of the reasons why PFAS has been an attractive component in many products and industrial applications is their extreme chemical and thermal stability. However, these same properties allow for the persistence of PFAS in the environment, whereby even low PFAS emissions over time can be accumulated and pose a high risk of negative health and environmental effects. Today there are thousands of known and unknown PFAS with widely varying properties and toxicity, which makes both risk assessments and management of this growing environmental problem difficult. According to a national mass balance for PFAS emissions from products and atmospheric deposition are the major sources of PFAS in Sweden.The amount of PFAS which are environmentally dispersed via wastewater and sewage sludge can be considered a minor part. However, due to the persistence of PFAS, measures to minimize their addition via these pathways may be necessary to reduce the total environmental load. Due to their toxicity and persistence, PFAS have recently become heavily regulated, with many regulatory agencies lowering the accepted PFAS environmental level ranges. Many PFAS have already been banned in Sweden or the EU and assessment grounds or action limits have been defined for various PFAS (e.g., surface water bodies, groundwater and drinking water) to initiate measures to reduce the spread of the substances. Already announced and stricter regulations will further increase the need for measures to minimize human exposure to PFAS and their dispersal in the environment.Regardless of which measures are implemented, PFAS will remain in the environment for a long time, even if a global ban of the chemicals is implemented. Long-term management of PFAS is thus necessary to removal from the cycle gradually. The focus of mitigation actions should primarily be on heavily contaminated land and landfill leachate. The review of existing data from Swedish wastewater treatment plants WWTP and receiving recipients shows that today’s treatment processes do not remove PFAS. At some WWTP, however, an effective separation of certain PFAS is observed, which should be investigated further. Perfluorooctanoic sulfonic acid (PFOS) levels in many of the investigated inland surface waters receiving effluent from treatment plants and PFAS from other sources/pathways exceed existing limits. In many cases, however, analysis limitations prevent an assessment.Ongoing activities around various treatment and destruction techniques for PFAS show that there are currently no techniques that achieve a far-reaching PFAS removal from municipal wastewater without significant resource consumption and related costs. For the continued use of sludge as a fertilizer, upstream mitigation is needed, with e.g., disconnection or treatment of PFAS-contaminated leachate. However, several ongoing projects indicate that a certain part of PFAS in wastewater can be removed as a side-effect of advanced treatment for pharmaceutical removal. This report provides guidance to stakeholders on how the PFAS problem can be tackled. It also demonstrates the need to improve and spread PFAS knowledge, particularly those involved with PFAS measurement data, treatment techniques and PFAS in sludge. |
| وصف الملف: | electronic |
| URL الوصول: | https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ivl:diva-4301 https://ivl.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1826933/FULLTEXT01.pdf |
| قاعدة البيانات: | SwePub |
| ردمك: | 9178835534 9789178835539 |
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